Job Aid MR Pulse Sequence in Practice

SIEMENS Healthineers MR Physics Part 2 Wahyu Widhianto Magnetic Resonance Magnetic Resonance 1 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Outline SIEMENS Healthineers ▪Review : what is pulse sequence ▪Many ways to create an Image ▪Spin Echo and Gradient Echo ▪Single and Multi Echo ▪Magnetization Preparation ▪Single Shot ▪Steady state ▪3D Acquisition Magnetic Resonance 2 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Review : what is pulse sequence SIEMENS Healthineers 90º 180º 256 times RF Gs GF Gp FID Spin echo Fourier transform TE TR Source : Siemens, Magnet Spin and Resonance Magnetic Resonance 3 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Review : what is pulse sequence SIEMENS Healthineers 90º 180º 256 times RF Gs GF Gp FID Spin echo Fourier transform TE TR Source : Siemens, Magnet Spin and Resonance Magnetic Resonance 4 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Review : what is pulse sequence SIEMENS Healthineers 90º 180º 256 times RF Gs GF Gp FID Spin echo Fourier transform TE TR Source : Siemens, Magnet Spin and Resonance Magnetic Resonance 5 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Review : what is pulse sequence SIEMENS Healthineers 90º 180º 256 times RF GS y GF Gp Z FID Spin echo TE TR Source : Siemens, Magnet Spin and Resonance Magnetic Resonance 6 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 SIEMENS Healthineers - Many ways to create an MAGNETOM Sola Image Magnetic Resonance 7 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthcare GmbH, 2018 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Many ways to create an Image SIEMENS Healthineers TurboFLASH TIRM, Dark Fluid CISS HASTE SPACE SE MPRAGE TSE (Turbo Spin Echo) DESS FLASH GRE EPI STIR MEDIC TrueFISP VIBE 8 Source : Siemens, MR Glossary Magnetic Resonance Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Many ways to create an Image SIEMENS Healthineers Spin-Echo Sequences Gradient-Echo Sequences TurboFLASH TIRM, Dark Fluid Single Echo Techniques CISS (SET) HASTE SPACE SET with MP SE MPRAGE Multi Echo TSE (Turbo Techniques Spin Echo) DESS (MET) FLASH GRE EPI STIR MET with MP MET with MP Single Shot MEDIC TrueFISP VIBE Techniques (SST) Steady State 3D 9 Source : Siemens, MR Glossary Magnetic Resonance Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Many ways to create an Image SIEMENS Healthineers Spin-Echo Sequences Gradient-Echo Sequences Single Echo Techniques SE GRE FLASH (SET) SET with MP STIR Multi Echo TSE (Turbo MEDIC Techniques (MET) Spin Echo) MET with MP TIRM, Dark Fluid TurboFLASH Single Shot Techniques HASTE EPI (SST) Steady State CISS TrueFISP DESS 3D SPACE MPRAGE VIBE 10 Source : Siemens, MR Glossary Magnetic Resonance Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 SIEMENS Healthineers - Spin Echo and Gradient Echo MAGNETOM Sola Magnetic Resonance 11 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthcare GmbH, 2018 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Spin Echo and Gradient Echo SIEMENS Healthineers θ° 90º 180º 256 RF RF GF GF + FID N X FID Spin echo TE Gradient echo TR SE TE GRE 12 Source : Siemens, Magnet Spin and Resonance Magnetic Resonance Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Spin Echo and Gradient Echo SIEMENS Healthineers AL Puri Indah AL Puri Indah ID: 109 Skyra ID: 109 Skyra 2/22/1989, M HFS * 2/22/1989, M HFS Study 1 Study 1 In GRE, flowing 1/17/2014 1/17/2014 11:25:57 AM 11:31:57 AM blood are bright. 9 IMA 9 IMA In SE, flowing blood are dark. To produce same T1w contrast, SE and GRE need different RA RA combination of TR, TE and FA. 5cm 5cm SL 5 SL SP H8.5 SP H8.! FoV 220*220 FoV 206*221 307*384s 240*320: Tra Tri TE 2.7 W: 1147 TE 6.4 W: 91! TR 350 GRE C: 901 TR 600 SE C: 47! 13 Source : RS Puri Indah, Indonesia Magnetic Resonance Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Spin Echo and Gradient Echo SIEMENS Healthineers AL Puri Indah AL ID: 109 Puri Indah D: 109 Skyra Skyra 2/22/1989, M HFS * 2/22/1989, M HFS Particularly in MCA Study 1 Study 1 1/17/2014 1/17/2014 and PCA Region, 11:25:57 AM 11:31:57 AM 7 IMA 7 IMA because the flow direction is parallel to the transverse slice, we can still observe some bright signal of the bloods. RA It’s depend on the RA blood velocity as 5cm 5cm well. Note also the Ghosting appearance of this flow, causing so SL 5 SL 5 SP F4.5 SP F4.5 called “flow artifact” FoV 220*220 FoV 206*220 307*384s 240*320s Tra Tra TE 2.7 W: 973 TE 6.4 W: 658 TR 350 GRE C: 826 TR 600 C: 399 SE 14 Source : RS Puri Indah, Indonesia Magnetic Resonance Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Spin Echo and Gradient Echo SIEMENS Healthineers HR Puri Indah AF Puri Indah 111 Skyra ID: 111 Skyra Missing signal from /10/1986, M HFS 8/10/1986, M HFS idy 1 Study 1 flowing objects 7/2014 1/17/2014 13:31 PM 6:40:01 PM called “flow void”. MA 6 IMA The CSF in spinal canal at C5-C6 level appear dark on SE based sequences, due to flowing CSF. RFP 1cm In sagittal plane the 5cm CSF looks bright, because the flow direction is parallel to slice encoding. SL 3 SL 3 SP R1.4 SP H15.7 FoV 220*220 FoV 180*180 269*384s 256*320 Sag Tra(-1.5) Tra>Cor(22.2)>Sag(1.4) 102 W: 1160 TE 90 W: 1329 2500 C: 504| TR 4000 C: 727 15 Source : RS Puri Indah, Indonesia Magnetic Resonance Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Spin Echo and Gradient Echo SIEMENS Healthineers 90º 180º 256 RF RF GF GF + T2 FID FID Spin echo TE Gradient echo TR TE 16 Source : Siemens, Magnet Spin and Resonance Magnetic Resonance Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Spin Echo and Gradient Echo SIEMENS Healthineers In Spin Echo based sequence, slice selective Gradient are turned on for both Excitation and un-excited excited Refocusing Pulse to make sure the same slice experienced both pulse. What happen with flowing blood? This effect will depend on several condition : • Velocity of the flowing object • T1 value of the flowing object un-excited excited • Time Repetition • Flow direction Source : Mc Robbie, MR From Picture to Proton Magnetic Resonance 17 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Spin Echo and Gradient Echo SIEMENS Healthineers Chronic Hemorraghe appear darker in T2*w GRE (left) compared to T2w TSE. Without 180° Refocusing Pulse, GRE contrast depend on T2* effect rather than T2 In chronic cases, the blood contain intracellular hemosiderin (Paramagnetic) which induced magnetic susceptibility and lead to faster signal decay. T2w Flash T2w TSE Case courtesy of Dr Roberto Schubert, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 16686 Magnetic Resonance 18 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Spin Echo and Gradient Echo SIEMENS Healthineers T2* decay are faster than T2 decay. If metallic T2 object are present in patients body it will cause increasing of susceptibility effect. FID Spin echo Susceptibility means more inhomogeneous magnetic field. TE FID FID TZ T2 T2 Gradient echo TE TE 19 Source : Siemens, Magnet Spin and Resonance Magnetic Resonance Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Many ways to create an Image SIEMENS Healthineers Spin-Echo Sequences Gradient-Echo Sequences Single Echo Techniques SE GRE FLASH (SET) SET with MP STIR Multi Echo TSE (Turbo MEDIC Techniques (MET) Spin Echo) MET with MP TIRM, Dark Fluid TurboFLASH Single Shot Techniques HASTE EPI (SST) Steady State CISS TrueFISP DESS 3D SPACE MPRAGE VIBE 20 Source : Siemens, MR Glossary Magnetic Resonance Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 SIEMENS Healthineers - Single and Multi Echo MAGNETOM Sola Techniques Magnetic Resonance 21 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthcare GmbH, 2018 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Single Echo Techniques – Spin Echo SIEMENS Healthineers Measurement time = phase resolution x 90º 180º 256 times RF x TR (repetition time) x number of acquisitions Gs GF Gp FID Spin echo Fourier transform TE TR Source : Siemens, Magnet Spin and Resonance Magnetic Resonance 22 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Single Echo Techniques – FLASH (Fast Low Angle SHot) SIEMENS Healthineers Measurement time = phase resolution x OL -CL x TR (repetition time) x number of acquisitions GS GF Gp FID Gradient echo Fourier transform TE TR Source : Siemens, Magnet Spin and Resonance Magnetic Resonance 23 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Single Echo Techniques – image contrast SIEMENS Healthineers TR TR long long PD T2 T1 TZ Image comparison showing FLASH contrasts short short T1 PD short long TE SE short long TE GRE Source : Siemens, Magnet Spin and Resonance Magnetic Resonance 24 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Single Echo Techniques – image contrast SIEMENS Healthineers FLASH allows for very strong T1 contrasts using an extremely TR short TR. T1 contrast: TR short (40-150 ms) long TE short (5-10 ms) a medium to large (40º-80º) T* contrast: T1 TZ TR long (500 ms) TE relatively long (18-40 ms) Image comparison showing FLASH contrasts a small (5º-20º) Proton density contrast: TR long (500 ms) short TE short a small (5º-20º) PD short long TE GRE Source : Siemens, Magnet Spin and Resonance Magnetic Resonance 25 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Single Echo Techniques – Siemens Protocol Tree SIEMENS Healthineers SIEMENS >> head >> library >> T1 Edit Single echo gradient echo in Siemens protocol called FLASH or fl2d for the 2D acquisition and fl3D for the 3D acquisition. Other vendor may sagittal call it Spoiled Gradient Echo (SPGR). t1 f12d_sag 01:25 There are T2w and T1w Flash sequences, where the T2 has additional name called “hemo” because it’s main application is for hemorrhage. t1_f12d_sag_p2_3mm 03:15 There are no T2w Spine Echo (SE) sequence. hemo FLASH is faster than SE because applying shorter TR 12 f12d| cor_hemo_p2 01:56 t2_f12d_tra_hemo 02:44 t1| se |sag 04:54 Source : Siemens, Magnet Spin and Resonance Magnetic Resonance 26 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Multi Echo Techniques – Turbo Spin Echo SIEMENS Healthineers Since Measurements time is factor of TR, T2w images generally longer than T1w because the TR also longer (>3000 ms). By applying multi echo for every TR, we can shortening the measurement time with similar Image Quality. T2w SE T2w TSE Source : Siemens, Magnet Spin and Resonance Magnetic Resonance 27 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Multi Echo Techniques – Turbo Spin Echo SIEMENS Healthineers Measurement time = phase resolution x x TR (repetition time) x number of acquisitions - Echo Train Length 90º 180º 180º 180º TE FID T2 1 2 3 Fourier transform Source : Siemens, Magnet Spin and Resonance Magnetic Resonance 28 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Multi Echo Techniques – MEDIC SIEMENS Healthineers MEDIC (Multi Echo Data Image MK hoZ Combination), is another way to maximize the multi echo techniques. Rather than collect each echo to fill different k-space line, MEDIC combined all the acquired echo first then fill singe k-space lines. The advantages of this techniques is less sensitive to motion artifacts. And higher SNR. Also good to visualize Labrum in shoulder MEDIC 98.11.16 Source : Siemens, Magnet Flow and Aritfacts Magnetic Resonance 29 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Multi Echo Techniques – MEDIC SIEMENS Healthineers OL Vile T* V Fourier transform TEeff TR Source : Siemens, Magnet Spin and Resonance Magnetic Resonance 30 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Multi Echo Techniques – Siemens Protocol Tree SIEMENS Healthineers t2_tse_tra_512 pd_tse_sag_384 04:10 Spin Echo Multi Echo in Siemens are called t2_tse_tra_p3 pd_tse_cor_384 03:52 Turbo Spin Echo (TSE), other Vendor may name it Fast Spin Echo (FSE). t2_tse_tra_448_3mm pd_tse_tra_384 02:31 All T2w and PDw sequences using TSE fatsat sequences because it’s time efficiency t2_tirm_tra_dark-fluid compared to SE. pd_tse_fs_sag_320 03:04 t2_tirm_tra_dark-fluid_3mm pd_tse_fs_cor_320 03:37 t2_tse_tra_448_2mm pd_tse_fs_tra_320 04:00 t2_tse_tra_384_3mm 2mm slice thickness t2_tse_fs_tra_384_3mm pd_tse_sag_384_2.5mm 04:11 Magnetic Resonance 31 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Multi Echo Techniques – Siemens Protocol Tree SIEMENS Healthineers t2_me2d_tra_p2 04:30 > head > c-spine [3] MEDIC in Siemens protocol tree is > t-spine [1] called me2d (MEDIC 2D), where the 3D version called me3d. t2_me3d_we_cor_p2_384_1.5mm 04:25 > I-spine › whole-spine > TimCT whole-spine > neck soft tissue thorax › heart breast > abdomen pelvis female > pelvis male shoulder > elbow [2] > wrist [2] > hand [1] Magnetic Resonance 32 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Many ways to create an Image SIEMENS Healthineers Spin-Echo Sequences Gradient-Echo Sequences Single Echo Techniques SE GRE FLASH (SET) SET with MP STIR Multi Echo TSE (Turbo MEDIC Techniques (MET) Spin Echo) MET with MP TIRM, Dark Fluid TurboFLASH Single Shot Techniques HASTE EPI (SST) Steady State CISS TrueFISP DESS 3D SPACE MPRAGE VIBE 33 Source : Siemens, MR Glossary Magnetic Resonance Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 SIEMENS Healthineers - Magnetization Preparation MAGNETOM Sola Magnetic Resonance 34 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthcare GmbH, 2018 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Magnetization Preparation SIEMENS Healthineers Additional RF Pulse to preset the Net 180º 90º 180º 180º Magnetization to a given state prior to execution of spatial localization steps. One example of MP is Inversion Recovery. FID Routine Contrast Resolution Geometry Common Spin echo TR 9000.0 ms TE 81 ms TI TE TD 0.0 ms TR MTC Magn. preparation Slice-sel. IR TI 2500 ms Freeze suppressed tissue V Flip angle 150 deg 35 Source : Siemens, Magnet Spin and Resonance Magnetic Resonance Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Magnetization Preparation – Inversion Recovery SIEMENS Healthineers ID: 109 Skyra 2/22/1989, M HFS D: 111 Skyra Study 1 8/10/1986, M HFS 1/17/2014 Study 1 11:41:05 AM 1/17/2014 10 IMA j:13:14 PM TINULL = 0.693 x T1 IMA T1 value of fat are shorter than Fluid. But please mind that T1 value of tissue are increase RA as the Magnetic 5cm 5cm field. SL 5 SP H15.0 SL 3 FoV 213*220 SP L1.9 217*320s FoV 220*220 448*640s TE 81 Tra TR 9000 TI : 2500 ms W: 930 E 47 TI : 230 ms Sag>Tra(-1.5) TI 2500 C: 531 TR 3000 W: 833 1 230 C: 433 36 Source : RS Puri Indah Magnetic Resonance Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Magnetization Preparation – Double Inversion Recovery SIEMENS Healthineers TINULL = 0.693 x T1 Base on above equation, we can suppress any tissue. even we can apply IR on two different tissue. DIR (Double Inversion Recovery) to suppress CSF and WM using two different TI. TI : 3000 and 450 ms Magnetic Resonance 37 Source : RS Puri Indah Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Magnetization Preparation – Inversion Recovery SIEMENS Healthineers 180º 90º T1 of tissue a is shorter than tissue b and c. hence if TI being set exactly when tissue a relaxation reach XY axis, it’s Mz signal will be zero for the next acquisition. Leave only signals from Contrast tissue b and c. C b MXY C 38 Source : Siemens, Magnet Spin and Resonance Magnetic Resonance Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Magnetization Preparation – Siemens Protocol Tree SIEMENS Healthineers t2_tirm tra dark-fluid 04:32 In Siemens protocol tree the Inversion Recovery sequences as default were called TIRM (Turbo Inversion Recovery Magnitude). t2_tirm_sag_p2 03:51 Long TI (Flair) called TIRM_dark-fluid, where short TI (Stir) simply called TIRM. 39 Source : Siemens, Magnet Spin and Resonance Magnetic Resonance Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Magnetization Preparation – Strong T1 Contrast SIEMENS Healthineers Right image is standard T1w SE, and the left images is T1 with magnetization preparation. GM and WM contrast are remarkably increase (strong T1 contrast), since we add inversion pulse with TI around 880 ms, the TR will increase as well. Some people also call this “T1 Flair”. TR=2100, TE=9, TI=880 TR=600, TE=6.4 Source : RS Puri Indah 40 https://mriquestions.com/t1-flair.html Magnetic Resonance Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Magnetization Preparation – Strong T1 contrast SIEMENS Healthineers On the left figure, standard excitation with 90° excitation pulse, the signal difference 90º 180º 180º 90º (Contrast) between two signal is shown. On the right figure, the 180° Inversion Pulse with longer Time Inversion to “Prepare” the magnetization resulting higher signal difference between the two signal. Mz Mz We can say the T1 contrast now is stronger because this 180° pulse. TE 41 Source : Siemens, Magnet Spin and Resonance Magnetic Resonance Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Magnetization Preparation – Siemens Protocol Tree SIEMENS Healthineers SIEMENS >> head >> library >> T1 Edit t1_f12d_sag_p2_3mm 03:15 Under Siemens protocol tree, T1w with magnetization preparation to increase the T1 contrast are called T1_tirm_dark-fluid. t1_tirm_sag_dark-fluid_p2 04:38 Although the TR is rather long for T1w images (> 1800 t1_tse_sag_2mm_p2_180mm 04:44 ms) the resulted images will have T1 contrast. t1_f12d_sag_2mm 04:50 t1_se_sag 04:54 transverse 42 Source : Siemens, Magnet Spin and Resonance Magnetic Resonance Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Magnetization Preparation – TurboFLASH SIEMENS Healthineers TurboFLASH is multi echo GRE based sequence which applied Magnetization Preparation to obtain desired contrast. T1w Abdomen Cardiac Perfusion 43 Source : Siemens Marketing Material Magnetic Resonance Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Magnetization Preparation – TurboFLASH SIEMENS Healthineers 180° inversion pulse applied prior the acquisition, TI will determine the image 180º contrast. Very short TR and TE, and small flip angle 128 One echo acquired after each excitation ......... pulse, because the TR is very short it’s possible to fill all the k-space line in single shot. 64 1 128 -TE T TR 44 Source : Siemens, Magnet Flow and Artifacts Magnetic Resonance Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 TurboFLASH – Siemens Protocol Tree SIEMENS Healthineers SIEMENS > abdomen >> library > T1 E SIEMENS >> heart > dynamic >> BEAT_TFL_SR Turbo flash are written tfl, can be found in abdomen under Free multi breath-hold dynamic_tfl_sr_ePAT 00:35 Breathing section. t1_f12d_tra_p2_mbh_320 00:39 dynamic_tfl_sr_TPAT 00:35 It is a default sequence for Cardiac Perfusion t1_f12d_fs_tra_p2_mbh_320 01:07 t1_f12d_fs_cor_p2_mbh_384 01:22 t1_f12d_opp-in_tra_p2_mbh 00:45 PACE free breathing t1_tfl_in-phase_tra_p2_trig 02:07 t1_tfl_opp-phase_tra_p2_trig 02:07 t1_tfl_cor_p2_trig 01:59 Magnetic Resonance 45 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Many ways to create an Image SIEMENS Healthineers Spin-Echo Sequences Gradient-Echo Sequences Single Echo Techniques SE GRE FLASH (SET) SET with MP STIR Multi Echo TSE (Turbo MEDIC Techniques (MET) Spin Echo) MET with MP TIRM, Dark Fluid TurboFLASH Single Shot Techniques HASTE EPI (SST) Steady State CISS TrueFISP DESS 3D SPACE MPRAGE VIBE 46 Source : Siemens, MR Glossary Magnetic Resonance Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Single Shot Technique SIEMENS Healthineers To “freeze” moving objects we need a special technique which very fast. Source : RS Premiere Jatinegara, Indonesia Siemens Marketing Material Magnetic Resonance 47 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Single Shot Technique - HASTE SIEMENS Healthineers Turbo Spin Echo Haste Motion artifact caused by poor breath-hold on liver examination can be eliminate by using single shot Source : Siemens Marketing Material Magnetic Resonance 48 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Single Shot Technique - HASTE SIEMENS Healthineers Ky Single Shot technique means all k-space lines were filled 132 in one Excitation. HASTE (Half Fourier Acquisition Single Shot Turbo Spin 4 Kx Echo) is example of this technique. Half (plus more) of required k-space lines filled in one TR. In the illustration 132 k-space line out of 256 filled. 256 Advantages is fast and not sensitive to motion T 2 Disadvantages is the image may appear blur, because very long echo train. 1 2 3 4 5 ... 132 TEeff Magnetic Resonance 49 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Single Shot Technique - EPI SIEMENS Healthineers DWI utilize Eco Planar Imaging sequence which also a single shot technique. Most of the time when we perform brain examination on a restless patients, the DWI image will appear free of motion. Source : RS Premiere Jatinegara, Indonesia Magnetic Resonance 50 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Single Shot Technique - EPI SIEMENS Healthineers Read out Gradient (GF) is switched in RF bipolar fashion. Within the FID entire k-space lines are filled. GF Because the FID relatively short (100 ms), the matrix for EPI is limited from Gp 64 to 256 T* FID TEeff Magnetic Resonance 51 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Single Shot Technique - EPI SIEMENS Healthineers Read out Gradient (GF) is switched GRE ky EPI ky in bipolar fashion. Within the FID Conventional Meandering entire k-space lines are filled. 1 Because the FID relatively short 2 2 (100 ms), the matrix for EPI is 3 limited from 64 to 256 Kx kx 128 Magnetic Resonance 52 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Single Shot Technique – Siemens Protocol Tree SIEMENS Healthineers SIEMENS >> abdomen >> library > T2 Ed TRUFI HASTE can be found in Abdomen and Thorax, since we need to multi breath-hold t2_trufi_tra_p2_bh_320 00:19 mitigate the motion from breathing. t2_haste_tra_p2_mbh_320 01:08 t2_trufi_obl_p2_320_bh 00:15 In Abdomen the trufisp sequence t2_haste_fs_tra_p2_mbh_320 01:08 t2_trufi_cor_p2_flat_breathing 00:46 called trufi t2_haste_cor_p3_mbh 00:48 t2_trufi_cor_p2_bh 00:23 t2_haste_fs_cor_p3_mbh 00:41 t2_trufi_fs_cor_p2_bh 00:23 t2_trufi_tra_p2_bh 00:19 t2_trufi_fs_tra_p2_bh 00:20 Magnetic Resonance 53 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Steady State SIEMENS Healthineers Spin-Echo Sequences Gradient-Echo Sequences Single Echo Techniques SE GRE FLASH (SET) SET with MP STIR Multi Echo TSE (Turbo MEDIC Techniques (MET) Spin Echo) MET with MP TIRM, Dark Fluid TurboFLASH Single Shot Techniques HASTE EPI (SST) Steady State CISS TrueFISP DESS 3D SPACE MPRAGE VIBE Magnetic Resonance 54 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 SIEMENS Healthineers - Steady State MAGNETOM Sola Magnetic Resonance 55 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthcare GmbH, 2018 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Steady State SIEMENS Healthineers MR 2 70778 Cor-Sag 15 A SE TruFISP CISS DESS Magnetic Resonance 56 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Steady State, what is it? SIEMENS Healthineers RF Z θ° Y RF Pulse tipped the NM by θ° Net Magnetization (NM) prior application of RF Excitation pulse. It’s aligned to magnetic field direction or Z axis, called Longitudinal Magnetization (LM) X Source : Chavhan et al, 2008 Magnetic Resonance 57 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Steady State, what is it? SIEMENS Healthineers Z LM NM is a Vector, it has LM component on Z axis Y and Transverse Magnetization (TM) component on XY axis X TM Source : Chavhan et al, 2008 Magnetic Resonance 58 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Steady State, what is it? SIEMENS Healthineers RF Z LM Before second RF pulse, TM dephased by 180° After several Time Repetition (TR) this feeding Y Succeeding RF pulse simultaneously tips TM phase shift in the transverse axis TM into LM and vice versa establish a steady to Z+ axis and LM to transverse axis. state of both TM and LM TM X 180º Source : Chavhan et al, 2008 Magnetic Resonance 59 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Steady State, what is it? SIEMENS Healthineers Z Z LM Steady State reached when TM = LM Y And TR << T2 -Mss Mss TM a/2 X a=60º X Source : Chavhan et al, 2008 Magnetic Resonance 60 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Steady State, what is it? SIEMENS Healthineers Source : https://www.imaios.com/en/e-Courses/e-MRI/MRI-Sequences/steady-state-gradient-echo Magnetic Resonance 61 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Steady State, what is it? SIEMENS Healthineers "FID" "Echo" t Depha RF RF RF RF RF RF +TR+ FID Hahn Mu Source : http://mriquestions.com/what-is-ssfp.html Magnetic Resonance 62 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Steady State, what is it? SIEMENS Healthineers "FID" "Echo" RF RF RF RF RF RF +TR+ Generic Name Refocused Signal(s) Common Acronyms SSFP-FID FID (S+) alone FISP, GRASS, FFE SSFP-Echo SE/STE (S-) alone PSIF, SSFP, T2-FFE SSFP-Double FID and SE/STE acquired DESS, MENSA separately, then combined SSFP-Balanced FID and SE/STE together TrueFISP, FIESTA, Balanced-FFE Source : http://mriquestions.com/what-is-ssfp.html Magnetic Resonance 63 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Steady State SIEMENS Healthineers TUDY 1 /16/2007 54:49 PM Facial nerve 5 IMA 11/1 Pons Cochlea PV SCC VIII CN RP IF 1.35 GB |TR 109 Fourth ventricle DIE TESS BP F33.5 TA 03:43 BLOB BWV 1300 FOV 180-200 230 3203 Tra 8 2D R E22 A 00.60*19 SP 3W 500.0 12 MIND FoV 35 400 5)> Tr Blood, Bile, and Fluid are bright on TrueFISP images due to high T2/T1 ratio. Simply said its almost similar to T2w images. Source : Chavhan et al, 2008 Magnetic Resonance 64 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Steady State– Siemens Protocol Tree SIEMENS Healthineers SIEMENS >> heart » function >> BEAT Cine_Tr HASTE can be found in Abdomen retrospective gating and Thorax, since we need to mitigate the motion from cine_tf2d12_retro_iPAT 00:08 breathing. cine_tf2d14_retro_iPAT_arryth 00:07 In Abdomen the trufisp sequence called trufi Magnetic Resonance 65 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 Steady State SIEMENS Healthineers Spin-Echo Sequences Gradient-Echo Sequences Single Echo Techniques SE GRE FLASH (SET) SET with MP STIR Multi Echo TSE (Turbo MEDIC Techniques (MET) Spin Echo) MET with MP TIRM, Dark Fluid TurboFLASH Single Shot Techniques HASTE EPI (SST) Steady State CISS TrueFISP DESS 3D SPACE MPRAGE VIBE Magnetic Resonance 66 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 SIEMENS Healthineers - 3D Acquisition MAGNETOM Sola Magnetic Resonance 67 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthcare GmbH, 2018 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 3D Acquisition SIEMENS Healthineers 4A ₩ 780603 Landesklinikum St. Pölten - $82 48 MR 200 21030603 Landesklinikum St. Poten - SBZ Trio MR 2004A The availability of 3D acquisition make 2 20-05272027 FFS STUDY 509470778 STUDY 509470778 +LPH zriuarzt 10 IMA 0/5 10 IMA 0 /5 MRI more flexible and can compared to Cor-Sag 15 CT scan. RA Scm MF 1.00 MF 1.00 TR 15.1 TR 15.1 TE 5.1 TE 5.1 BWV 220.0 BWV 220.0 A p2 M/PR./PR SPLIT 10 p2 MPRMAPR SP A1ANE SL 0.5 A1ME KN Sam-Cor(-1 419) KN CorSagei de3d1 /25 Knie LI "de3d1 /25 Knie LI .4.9 21030603 AL Landesklinikum St. Polten - SPZ MR 20044 # 20-05272077 STUDY 509470778 12/2/2005 9:12:25 AM 10 IMA 0/5 Tra RA MF 1.00 IR 15.1 TE 5.1 EVV 220.0 F p2 MPRAT/PR SP H5.8 A1ME SL 0.6 KN Tra 1de3d1 / 25 Knie LI 204 93 Source : Siemens Marketing Material Magnetic Resonance 68 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 3D Acquisition SIEMENS Healthineers 2D slices single-slab 3D multi-slab 3D Basic acquisition strategy in MR. • 2D slice excitation All = 2D acquisition • Single slab 3D excitation = most 3D acquisition • Multi-slab 3D = for TOF imaging 69 Source : Mugler, Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2014 Magnetic Resonance Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 3D Acquisition SIEMENS Healthineers 'slices' loop 900 180º 256 times TR RF GS TD GF GP FID Spin echo TE TR TE 2D 3D 70 Source : Mugler, Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2014 Magnetic Resonance Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 3D FLASH SIEMENS Healthineers Source : Siemens Marketing Material Magnetic Resonance 71 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 3D FLASH SIEMENS Healthineers a, 01 a, 02 There’s no 180° Refocusing Pulse RF Additional phase encoding in slice direction, as compared with the 2D GS Flash. 22 - - GR Gp MR 22 FID Gradient Echo FID - - TE- TR - - Magnetic Resonance 72 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 3D SPACE – Sampling Perfection with Application optimized SIEMENS Healthineers Contrast using different flip angle Evolutions 90 a1 a2 Very long echo train (> 200) a3 ,a4 a5 a6 a7 a8 a9 a10 a11 a12 a13 a14 a15 Variable flip angle for refocusing pulse, help reduce SAR and shortening the GSL acquisition time. TE defined by TEeffective where the center of k-space filled FID Echo 1 Echo 2 Echo 3 Echo 4 Echo 5 Echo 6 Echo 7 Echo 8 Echo 9 Echo 10 Echo 11 Echo 12 Echo 13 Echo 14 Echo 15 Gs always changes in each GPE E EL Refocusing pulse for slice encoding E E E TEelf 73 Source : Siemens Training Center Magnetic Resonance Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 3D MPRAGE SIEMENS Healthineers MPRAGE has strong T1 contrast where GM and WM can clearly be distinguished. Most of it’s application is for post Gd injection brain study. Magnetic Resonance 74 Source : Siemens Marketing Material Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 3D MPRAGE SIEMENS Healthineers Basically it is a 3D FLASH 'slices' loop 180º TI sequences. From the diagram we RF * TR can see the Gs is always changes in each TR. TD Magnetization Preparation with Gss 180° Inversion Pulse to increase T1 contrast. GPE GFE Signal Lines loop TE 75 Source : Donald McRobbie, MRI from picture to proton Magnetic Resonance Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 3D VIBE – Volume Interpolated Breath-hold Examination SIEMENS Healthineers Abdo Test Abdo Test Anlagenzentrun OHOH950. F. 52Y 001 "LO DA B60. F. 52Y MR 13 STUDY 1 STUDY 1 107/2013 1/17.22013 5:31:55PM 8 IA 52 /64 5 35 10 PM 8 MA 52584 Dynamic contrast examination in Liver need a large coverage and fast acquisition as well. R R This is where VIBE is important, where each acquisition can be completed in less TF-H14 BW4450 SP H72 2 H723 51. 301 H2M. REGNO 22 30 Favs than 20s 218-320 218 2720 901-3, SP1-4 601-3:3P1 11301 79 with contrast 13H Abdo Text Anlagenzertrut Abdu Teal Anlagencentrum *10/10/1980, F. 52Y D13 STUDY 1 HES STUDY 1 107/2013 1/17/2013 5:35:10 PM 10 M4A 52 /64 12 MMA 52164 10of MF 1.59 TE 1 9 DWALGO SP H72 PH14 SL 3.01 FOV 21041220 with contrast withcontrad nz 76 Source : Siemens Training Center Magnetic Resonance Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 3D VIBE – Volume Interpolated Breath-hold Examination SIEMENS Healthineers Vibe is a 3D version of FLASH. In term of pulse sequence diagram not much different. But in k-space filling point of view it utilize slice and phase interpolation to make the acquisition faster. Zero-filling Magnetic Resonance 77 Source : Siemens Training Center Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019 SIEMENS Healthineers Thank You Wahyu Widhianto MR Application Specialist wahyu.widhianto@siemens-Healthineers.com Magnetic Resonance 78 Unrestricted © Siemens Healthineers, 2019