Urinalysis: Introduction Online Training

Continue Button Continue Continue Continue Continue Continue Course Content Master Template HILS2218 | Effective Date: 25-Mar-2022 ? Urinalysis: Introduction Online Training Understanding kidney structure and how urine is formed will help you recognize the importance of performing urinalysis to provide clinicians with valuable information to help detect metabolic and kidney disorders. Describe the importance of performing routine urinalysis 1 Describe common types of specimens collected for urinalysis testing, proper specimen containers 3 Describe basic kidney structure, the function of key components, and how the kidney forms urine 2 4 Describe how to preserve urine specimens prior to examination Welcome 1-1-welcome.mp3 Welcome to the Urinalysis Introduction Online Training course! The urinary system excretes wastes to help keep the chemicals and water in our body balanced. Understanding kidney structure and how urine is formed will help you recognize the importance of performing urinalysis to provide clinicians with valuable information to help detect metabolic and kidney disorders. This course will cover the following four learning objectives. For navigation help, select the question mark button located in the lower right corner of each slide. ? Performing Urinalysis Urine testing provides clinicians with valuable information to confirm normal urinalysis as well as to detect: Metabolic disorders Kidney disorders Performing Urinalysis 1-2-performing.mp3 Why is performing a routine urinalysis important? Urinalysis is a reliable tool for ruling in or ruling out many medical conditions and diseases. Test results provide clinicians with valuable information to confirm normal urinalysis as well as to detect metabolic and kidney disorders. Select the buttons below to learn more about metabolic and kidney disorders. Kidney disorders include conditions that may adversely affect kidneys or urinary tract. Diseased kidneys cannot adequately regulate the volume and composition of body fluids, which makes the body unable to maintain homeostasis, the stabilization of bodily functions. Consequently, substances normally retained by a kidney, or excreted in small amounts, may appear in the urine in large quantities; or substances normally excreted may be retained. Metabolic Disorders include body disturbances such as endocrine or metabolic abnormalities, in which the kidneys function normally but excrete abnormal amounts of metabolic end products that are specific to a particular disease. ? Kidney Functions Removal of waste products-primarily nitrogenous wastes from protein metabolism, such as urea and acids Acid-base balance Water and electrolyte balance Retention of essential nutrients, such as water, glucose, protein and electrolytes Hormone production, such as erythropoietin and renin Activation of Vitamin D 1 - Kidney 2 - Bladder Did you know? Approximately 1,200 mL of blood flows through the kidneys each minute. This represents about one-fourth of the body's total blood volume Urine essentially consists of urea and other organic and inorganic chemicals dissolved in water 2 1 Kidney Functions 1-3-kidneysfunction.mp3 The kidneys work as both eliminators and as absorbers to perform several bodily functions. For example: The kidneys produce urine as a process of cleaning the blood and excreting water, urea, and other waste products from the bloodstream. To maintain fluid balance, the kidneys filter blood and recycle it daily. To maintain blood acidity, the kidneys excrete excessive alkaline salts. To control blood pressure, the kidneys adjust urine volume to control blood volume. Select the information icon on the lower left corner to learn more about the kidney. ? Kidney Anatomy The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. Nephrons are microscopic tube-like structures in the kidneys that filter the blood and remove waste. There are approximately one million nephrons in each kidney. Each nephron consists of a glomerulus and a renal tubule . Hover over terms in orange text to see the item on the image. Did you know? Only about 500,000 nephrons are required to maintain normal kidney function. It is this excess capacity that permits someone to donate a kidney, without risking the loss of kidney function themselves. It is also the reason that a person has to lose 50 - 75% of their kidney capacity, before the usual kidney function tests start to show diminished capacity. Kidney Anatomy 1-4-kidneyanatomy.mp3 The urinary system removes metabolic waste products, such as urea from our blood through tiny filtering units called nephrons. There are approximately one million nephrons in each kidney. Each nephron consists of a tuft of blood capillaries, called a glomerulus, and a small tube called a renal tubule. Urea, along with water and other waste substances, form urine as blood flows through the glomeruli and down the renal tubules of the kidney. Kidney disease may be limited to the glomeruli or the tubules or it may involve the entire system. Cells that line the renal tubules reabsorb almost all glomerular filtrate back into the blood. Any remaining glomerular filtrate is excreted as urine. Renal tubule cells also secrete materials from the interstitial fluid into the glomerular filtrate to get rid of substances in the blood, such as ammonia, creatinine, and the end products of medications. These materials are added to the glomerular filtrate and also excreted as urine. Select the information icon on the lower left corner to learn more about nephron. ? Glomerulus Structure Blood from the renal artery enters the glomerulus through the afferent arteriole. Glomerular filtration occurs as blood plasma, dissolved waste substances, and small proteins are filtered through the capillary walls of the glomerulus into an area called Bowman's capsule. The inner wall of Bowman's capsule is permeable to allow the glomerular filtrate to easily pass through it into the renal tubule. Blood that is not filtered leaves the glomerulus by the efferent arteriole and forms a capillary network around the renal tubule. Hover over terms in orange text to see the item on the image. Did you know? The kidneys produce approximately 180 liters of glomerular filtrate per day but only about 1.5 liters of this amount is excreted as urine-the remainder is reabsorbed back into the blood. Glomerulus Structure 1-5-glomerulus.mp3 Urine is formed in the kidneys as a result of three processes: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Filtration takes place in the glomerulus. The glomerulus acts as an ultrafilter to keep larger molecular weight substances from entering the urine, while permitting dissolved substances to be filtered through. Select the information icon on the lower left corner to learn more about glomerular filtrate. ? Renal Tubule Structure The system of renal tubules represents the real working area of the nephron. Select the numbered steps below to learn more about the components of the renal tubule and how urine is formed. 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 Did you know? As the urine is being formed, a mucoprotein called Tamm-Horsfall protein is produced by the distal convoluted tubules and upper collecting ducts. This protein acts as a coating and lubricant in the tubules, as the urine is formed and concentrated. Without this protection, the tubular epithelial cells would have great difficulty functioning, due to the harsh environment. If there is a reduction in the urine flow, this mucoprotein may fill the tubule and "gel," forming a cast. A classic cause of this is exercise. If a person exercises strenuously, the blood flow to the kidneys is reduced as it is re-directed to the muscles. During this period, hyaline casts may be formed in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron. When the exercise is over, and the blood flow returns to normal, there is a "flushing out" of these casts into the urine. This "shower of casts" is usually non-pathological. Renal Tubule Structure 1-6-renaltubule.mp3 You’ve just learned that filtration takes place in the glomerulus. Reabsorption and secretion take place in the renal tubules. Let’s learn more about how urine is formed by taking a closer look at the components of the renal tubule. The following slide layers do not contain audio. Select the information icon on the lower left corner to learn about Tamm-Horsfall protein. Ureters 5 From the kidneys, urine travels down two thin tubes called ureters to the bladder for storage, where it remains until voided. Hover over term in orange text to see the item on the image. Collecting tubule 4 The distal convoluted tubules from several nephrons drain remaining filtrate into a collecting tubule. The collecting ducts, under the influence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), control the final concentration of urine. Hover over terms in orange text to see the item on the image. Distal convoluted tubule 3 The distal convoluted tubule reabsorbs sodium back into the blood to maintain water and electrolyte balance, and removes excess acid to maintain the body's acid-base balance. Hover over term in orange text to see the item on the image. The loop of Henle 2 The descending limb of the proximal tubule and the distal tubule form a loop known as the loop of Henle. The loop of Henle is the principle site where urine is concentrated. Hover over terms in orange text to see the item on the image. Proximal convoluted tubule The uppermost portion of the renal tubule is the proximal convoluted tubule. About 80% of the fluid and electrolytes are reabsorbed back into the blood in the proximal convoluted tubules. Hover over term in orange text to see the item on the image. 1 ? Collecting Urine Specimens Accurate urinalysis results require: Patient preparation prior to specimen collection Appropriate specimen collection Specific containers for the specimen Preservation and transportation of the specimen Proper labeling with all appropriate information Examination and testing of the specimen as soon as possible following accepted protocols Collecting Urine Specimens 1-7-collecting.mp3 Urine must be properly collected and preserved to ensure valid results. Also, the type of specimen collected must be appropriate for the tests performed. In this section, you will learn about types of urine specimens that can be collected, types of specimen containers, and ways to preserve specimens if they will not be tested right away. ? Types of UA Specimens Select the tab arrows to learn more about the types of specimens collected for urinalysis testing. How laboratories avoid specific errors using ratio testing Random First Morning Second Morning Timed Collection Types of UA Specimens 1-8-typesofspecimens.mp3 Common types of specimens collected for urinalysis testing include Random, First Morning, Second Morning, and Timed Collection specimens. In this section, you will learn the differences between these types of specimens as well as some advantages and disadvantages of using each type. The following slide layers do not contain audio. Correcting for Varying Urine Concentrations Today, there are several dipsticks on the market that offer a protein-to-creatinine ratio (P:C ratio) and albumin-to-creatinine ratio (A:C ratio), both of which correct for varying urine concentrations. The analysis of a spot sample for the A:C ratio is strongly recommended. The other two alternatives (24h collection and a timed specimen) are rarely necessary. At least two of three tests measured within a 6-month period should show elevated levels before a patient is designated as having microalbuminuria." Copyright © 2004 American Diabetes Association from Diabetes Care, Vol. 27, Suppl. 1, 2004:S15-S35. Reprinted with permission from The American Diabetes Association. The ratio of protein-to-creatinine or albumin-to-creatinine in an untimed, urine specimen corrects for variations in urinary concentration due to hydration and provides a more convenient method of assessing protein and albumin excretion than is involved with timed urine collection." National Kidney Foundation K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation, Classification and Stratification; Am J Kid Dis 39, 2002 (Supp 1). Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. Timed Collection The concentration of urine varies throughout a 24-hour period, depending partly on the patient's water intake and activities. For example, various solutes may appear in greater or lesser amounts at various times of the day: Glycosuria appears more often after meals Proteinuria may occur following activity or assumption of the orthostatic (upright) position Hemoglobinuria may follow severe exertion In addition, the number of bacteria in the urine of a person with a urinary tract infection also varies greatly throughout the day. Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. Second Morning A single specimen voided 2-4 hours after the first morning urine. In contrast to the first morning urine, its composition may be affected by prior ingestion of food and fluids and by movement. This specimen may reflect blood glucose and typically contains intact formed elements. Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. First Morning The specimen voided immediately after an overnight bed rest before breakfast and other activities. This has been traditionally recommended as the standard specimen for urinalysis, because it is more concentrated than the day urine and allows time for possible bacterial growth in the urinary bladder. This specimen is best for nitrite, protein, and microscopic examinations. Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. Random A portion of a single voided urine without defining the volume, time-of-day, or detail of patient preparation. While the most convenient and common type of specimen, it is also associated with many false negative and some false positive results. This specimen is good for chemical screens and microscopic examinations. Note: Because concentration may affect results, the urine's specific gravity (amount of dissolved substances present) should be considered during result interpretation. Routine tests and any other tests performed on a random specimen of urine are generally qualitative or semi-quantitative. At best, only the concentration of a substance in the specimen tested can be measured, but never the total amount being excreted unless the urine is collected over a precisely measured period of time and the volume is measured. Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. ? Specimen Collection Containers For urine collection, disposable containers of plastic or coated paper are available in many sizes; they are provided with lids to reduce bacterial and other types of contamination. For some chemical constituents, quantitative excretion measurements are important. For this purpose, large, wide-mouthed plastic or glass containers with screw caps are used for cumulative collection of urine over a long period of time. Containers designed for a 24-hour or overnight urine collection typically hold 2-3 liters. Specimen Collection Containers 1-9-specimencollection.mp3 The type of container used to collect urine specimens often depends on the type of test the physician orders. In this section, you will learn about the many types of containers available to collect and transport urine specimens. For urine collection, disposable containers of plastic or coated paper are available in many sizes; they are provided with lids to reduce bacterial and other types of contamination. Special pliable polyethylene bags are also available for collection of urine from infants and children who are not toilet-trained. For some chemical constituents, quantitative excretion measurements are important. For this purpose, large, wide-mouthed plastic or glass containers with screw caps are used for cumulative collection of urine over a long period of time. Containers designed for a 24-hour or overnight urine collection typically hold 2-3 liters and are manufactured with materials that prevent: - Adherence of urine constituents - Exposure of urine to direct light, which might alter clinically significant metabolites - Contamination from the exterior when closed When urine is to be cultured for bacterial content, the specimen must be obtained under aseptic conditions and collected in a sterile container equipped with a tight-fitting, sterile cap. This cap is left in position until the actual time of urine collection and replaced immediately afterward. ? Preserving Specimens Select the tab arrows to learn more about how urine samples should be preserved and stored. Macroscopic Exam Preserving Urine Specimens Microscopic Exam Microbiological Exam Preserving Specimens 1-10-preservingspecimens.mp3 Using urine preservatives or refrigerating samples can help prevent metabolic and other changes of urine constituents to ensure accurate results. The recommended preservation option and refrigeration method used depends on how and when the specimen will be examined. In this section, you will learn how urine samples should be preserved and stored when performing macroscopic, microscopic, or microbiological examinations. The following slide layers do not contain audio. Microbiological Specimens requiring microbiological investigation must be collected in a clean, sterile container and examined in the laboratory within 2 hours. They should be refrigerated at 4°C without preservative if a delay >2 hours is expected. Then, they should be examined within 24 hours. If delay is unavoidable and refrigeration not possible, containers prefilled with boric acid preservative, alone or in combination with formate or other stabilizing media, ideally in a lyophilized form, may be used. Boric acid will stabilize white blood cell numbers and bacterial concentration in urine held at +20°C for 24 hours. Boric acid concentration may be critical for successful preservation without bacterial inhibition. It is suggested that containers containing boric acid should be filled to the indicated line to achieve a correct borate concentration. The specimen should be examined within 24-48 hours of production. It should be noted that borate may inhibit growth of Pseudomonas sp. Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. Microscopic Exam For particle examination, the specimen should be refrigerated if not examined within 1 hour, although urate and phosphate precipitation will occur in some specimens. If precipitation disturbs interpretation, a new specimen should be examined at +20°C. The longer the testing delay, the more likely it is for elements to lyse, especially when the urinary pH is alkaline and the relative density is low. The WBC count may be questionable after 2-4 hours, even with refrigeration. Traditionally, ethanol (50% volume fraction) is used to preserve the cells but this only partially prevents lysis of red and white blood cells. Commercial preservatives, such as formaldehyde-based solutions, buffered boric acid and formate-based solutions, and mercuric chloride-based tablets, have gained renewed interest following the development of automated systems. Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. Macroscopic Exam There is no substitute for the use of fresh urine in routine urinalysis. Whenever possible, urine should be macroscopically examined and the urinalysis test strip analyzed within two hours after voiding. If this cannot be done, then refrigeration at 5°C is the preferred storage condition. The urine specimen should be brought to room temperature before testing. Preservatives should be used cautiously, as preservatives suitable for some test procedures may interfere with others, and preservatives added to small amounts of urine will increase specific gravity, may have minor effects on pH, and may also slightly inhibit the leukocyte esterase reaction. Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. Preserving Urine Specimens Preservatives and/or refrigeration are often used to prevent metabolic and other changes of urine constituents because the time elapsing between voiding and examination of urine is a major obstacle to diagnostic accuracy in most laboratories. For many chemical constituents examined with urinalysis test strips, no preservatives are needed provided the analysis is performed within 24 hours and the specimen has been refrigerated. When rapid or refrigerated transportation is not possible, strip examination should be performed on-site. If the specimen has become contaminated with external bacteria and has not been refrigerated, compromised nitrite or protein results may be obtained with urinalysis test strips. In addition, the bacteria may possibly cause false negative glucose results. This may cause erroneous results, as casts decompose in alkaline and/or hypotonic urine and red blood cells may lyse. Marked changes in pH may also affect other cellular components. Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. ? Course Review Congratulations. You have completed the Urinalysis: Introduction Online Training course. Select the numbered buttons below to review the material before proceeding to the final assessment. Describe the importance of performing routine urinalysis 1 1 1 Describe basic kidney structure, the function of key components, and how the kidney forms urine 2 2 2 Describe common types of specimens collected for urinalysis testing, proper specimen containers 3 3 3 Describe how to preserve urine specimens prior to examination 4 4 4 Course Review How to preserve urine specimens prior to examination Table with 2 columns and 4 rows Type of examinations Preservation methods Macroscopic Refrigeration at 5°C is the preferred storage condition Specimen should be brought to room temperature before testing Microscopic Specimen should be refrigerated if not examined within 1 hour If precipitation disturbs interpretation, new specimen should be examined at +20°C Ethanol (50% volume fraction) is used to preserve the cells but this only partially prevents lysis of red and white blood cells Microbiological Specimen must be collected in sterile containers and examined within 2 hours If specimen is refrigerated at 4°C, it should be examined within 24 hours If refrigeration not possible, pre-fill containers with boric acid preservative and specimen should be examined within 24-48 hours Common types of specimens collected for urinalysis testing, proper specimen containers Table with 2 columns and 5 rows Type of Specimens Description Random Most convenient and common type Associated with many false negative and some false positive results Suitable for chemical screens and microscopic examinations First Morning Standard specimen More concentrated than the day urine and allows time for bacteria growth Suitable for nitrite, protein and microscopic examinations Second Morning Affected by prior ingestion of food and fluids and by movement Reflects blood glucose and typically contains intact formed elements Timed Collection Depends partly on the patient’s water intake and activities Types of containers: disposable plastic/coated paper containers, special pliable polyethylene bags, wide-mouthed plastic/glass containers with screw caps, sterile containers Basic kidney structure, the function of key components, and how the kidney forms urine The kidneys produce urine as a process of cleaning the blood and excreting water, urea, and other waste products from the bloodstream. The urinary system removes metabolic waste products through tiny filtering units called nephrons. Each nephron consists of a tuft of blood capillaries, called a glomerulus, and a small tube called a renal tubule. Urine is formed in the kidneys as a result of three processes: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Filtration takes place in the glomerulus. Reabsorption and secretion take place in the renal tubules. 1 – Kidney 2 – Nephron 3 – Glomerulus 4 – Renal Artery 5 – Afferent Arteriole 6 – Bowman’s Capsule 7 – Renal Tubule 8 – Efferent Arteriole 9 – Capillary Network The importance of performing routine urinalysis Urine testing provides clinicians with valuable information to confirm normal urinalysis as well as to detect metabolic and kidney disorders. Metabolic disorders include body disturbances such as endocrine or metabolic abnormalities in which the kidneys function normally but excrete abnormal amounts of metabolic end products that are specific to a particular disease Kidney disorders include conditions that may adversely affect kidneys or urinary tract. Diseased kidneys cannot adequately regulate the volume and composition of body fluids, which makes the body unable to maintain homeostasis, the stabilization of bodily functions. Consequently, substances normally retained by a kidney, or excreted in small amounts, may appear in the urine in large quantities; or substances normally excreted may be retained Disclaimer Please note that the learning material is for training purposes only. For the proper use of the software or hardware, please always use the Operator Manual or Instructions for Use (hereinafter collectively “Operator Manual”) issued by Siemens Healthineers. 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The reproduction, transmission or distribution of this training or its contents is not permitted without express written authority. Offenders will be liable for damages. All names and data of patients, parameters and configuration dependent designations are fictional and examples only. All rights, including rights created by patent grant or registration of a utility model or design, are reserved. © Siemens Healthcare GmbH 2022 Siemens Healthineers Headquarters\Siemens Healthcare GmbH\Henkestr. 127\ 91052 Erlangen, Germany\Telephone: +49 9131 84-0\siemens-healthineers.com ? Disclaimer Assessment Start ? This assessment will test your retention of the presented content. A passing score of 80% or higher is required to complete the course and earn your certificate . Assessment questions must be answered completely to receive full credit. Partial credit will not be given for assessment questions that require multiple answers. You may repeat the assessment as many times as needed. Assessment Select the best answer. ? Question 1 of 10 No preservatives are needed if an urine specimen has been refrigerated and urinalysis test strips be performed on it within: 24 hours 2 hours 48 hours Multiple Choice Incorrect Incorrect Correct Select the best answer. ? Question 2 of 10 Which specimen collection type is associated with many false negative and some false positive results? Random 24-hour First morning Multiple Choice Incorrect This type of collection is not associated with many false negative and some false positive results. Incorrect This type of collection is not associated with many false negative and some false positive results. Correct Select the best answer. ? Question 3 of 10 First morning specimens are recommended as the standard specimen for urinalysis because they are: More concentrated than day urine and allow time for possible bacterial growth in the urinary bladder Less concentrated than day urine Collected 1-2 hours after a meal Multiple Choice Incorrect This is not the reason why first morning specimens are recommended as the standard specimen. Incorrect This is not the reason why first morning specimens are recommended as the standard specimen. Correct Select the best answer. ? Question 4 of 10 In which examination must urine specimens be collected in a clean, sterile container and examined in the lab within 2 hours? Microbiological Microscopic Macroscopic Multiple Choice Incorrect Incorrect Correct Select the best answer. ? Question 5 of 10 Laboratories avoid errors associated with varying urine concentrations by: Using ratio testing or using 24-hour or timed specimens Using first morning specimens Using random specimens Multiple Choice Incorrect This is not how laboratories avoid errors associated with varying urine concentration. Incorrect This is not how laboratories avoid errors associated with varying urine concentration. Correct Select the best answer. ? Question 6 of 10 Kidney has over millions of these microscopic tube-like structures. They filter blood from the renal artery and remove waste. What are they? Nephrons Capillaries Glomeruli Multiple Choice Incorrect They are not called glomeruli. Incorrect They are not called capillaries. Correct Select the best answer. ? Question 7 of 10 In a kidney nephron, the glomerulus filters blood into a plasma ultrafiltrate, which then passes through which of the following? Renal tubule Loop of Henle Efferent arteriole Multiple Choice Incorrect Incorrect Correct Select the best answer. ? Question 8 of 10 Collecting ducts control the final concentration of urine under the influence of which of the following? Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Metabolic end products Mucoproteins Multiple Choice Incorrect Collecting ducts does not control the final concentration under the influence of mucoproteins. Incorrect Collecting ducts does not control the final concentration under the influence of metabolic end products. Correct Select the best answer. ? Question 9 of 10 Various solutes may appear in urine in greater or lesser amounts at various times of the day. Following a meal, which of these may occur? Glycosuria Proteinuria Hemoglobinuria Multiple Choice Incorrect Hemoglobinuria does not often occur after a meal. Incorrect Proteinuria does not often occur after a meal. Correct Select the best answer. ? Question 10 of 10 The principle sites where urine is concentrated are the system of collecting tubules and: Loop of Henle Bowman’s Capsules Glomeruli Multiple Choice Incorrect Glomeruli are not one of the principle sites where urine is concentrated. Incorrect Bowman’s capsules are not one of the principle sites where urine is concentrated. Correct Assessment Results YOUR SCORE: PASSING SCORE: Review Retry Retry Continue Continue Continue %Quiz1.ScorePercent%% %Quiz1.PassPercent%% ? Assessment Results You did not pass the course. Take time to review the assessment then select Retry to continue. Congratulations. You passed the course.. Exit To access your Certificate of Completion, select the Launch button drop down on the course overview page. You can also access the certificate from your PEPconnect transcript. ? You have completed the Urinalysis: Introduction Online Training. Completion Navigation Help Select the icon above to open the table of contents. Click Next to continue. Next Welcome Slide The timeline displays the slide progression. Slide the orange bar backwards to rewind the timeline. Click Next to continue. Next Tmeline Select the CC icon to display closed captioning (subtitles). Click Next to continue. Next Caption Icon Select the buttons to learn more about a topic. Be sure to review all topics before navigating to the next slide. Click Next to continue. Next Tab Arrow Slide Select the X to close the pop-up. Click Next to continue. Next Layer Slide Some images may have a magnifier icon. Select the image to see an enlarged view. Select it again to return to the normal view. Click Next to continue. Next Zoom Slide Some images have a magnifier icon in the bottom-left corner. Select these image to see an enlarged view of the image. Select the image again to return to the normal view. Select Submit to record your response. Click the X in the upper right corner to exit the navigation help. Assessment Slide Knowledge Check: Kidney Structure Knowledge Check You have just learned about the kidney structure and its functions. Select Start to test your knowledge of the presented content. Start ? Knowledge Check Blood from the renal artery enters glomeruli, where glomerular filtration occurs Glomerular filtrate passes through Bowman's capsules and into renal tubules Proximal convoluted tubules reabsorb 80 percent of fluid and electrolytes from the glomerular filtrate Remaining glomerular filtrate is concentrated in the Loop of Henle What are the steps of urine formation? Drag each response to place the list in the correct order. ? Question 1 of 2 Sequence Incorrect One or more answers are incorrect. Correct Distal convoluted tubules reabsorb sodium to maintain water and electrolyte balance, and remove excess acid to maintain acid-base balance Distal convoluted tubules drain remaining filtrate into a collecting tubule, where final urine concentration occurs Urine travels down ureters to the bladder What are the steps of urine formation? Drag each response to place the list in the correct order. ? Question 2 of 2 Sequence Incorrect One or more answers are incorrect. Correct Knowledge Check Completion Review Retry Retry Continue Continue ? You have just completed the Knowledge Check. Select Review to assess how your responses compare to the correct answers. Select Retry to test your knowledge again or select Continue to advance through the course. Knowledge Check Completion Knowledge Check: Collecting Specimens Knowledge Check You have just learned about collecting urine specimens. Select Start to test your knowledge of the presented content. Start ? Knowledge Check The best way to handle specimens to avoid false negative and false positive urinalysis results is to Collect a first morning urine specimen The best way to handle specimens to avoid errors associated with varying urine concentrations is to Run P:C ratio or A:C ratio on random urine specimens The best way to handle specimens when performing a test strip analysis is to Refrigerate the specimen and examine within 24 hours Drag each response from the right column to its corresponding item in the left column. Match each of the urine collection scenarios with its description. ? Question 1 of 2 Matching Incorrect One or more answers are incorrect. Correct The best way to handle specimens when performing a microscopic examination of urine particles is to Examine within 1 hour if not refrigerated The best way to handle specimens when performing a microbiological examination of urine is to Use a sterile container and examine within 2 hours if not refrigerated Drag each response from the right column to its corresponding item in the left column. Match each of the urine collection scenarios with its description. ? Question 2 of 2 Matching Incorrect One or more answers are incorrect. Correct Knowledge Check Completion Review Retry Retry Continue Continue ? You have just completed the Knowledge Check. Select Review to assess how your responses compare to the correct answers. Select Retry to test your knowledge again or select Continue to advance through the course. Knowledge Check Completion Question Bank 1 HILS2291 | Effective Date: 25-Aug-2022 Aliquot A measured amount of solution (n). To divide a solution into measured amounts (v). Anatomic Pathology A medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the gross, microscopic, and molecular examination of organs, tissues, and whole bodies (autopsy). Capillary One of the minute blood vessels between the terminations of the arteries and the beginnings of the veins. These blood vessels form an intricate network throughout the body for the interchange of various substances, such as blood gases, nutrients, waste products and water between blood and tissue cells. Centrifuge An apparatus that rotates at high speed and by centrifugal force separates substances of different densities such as serum and cell, or urine and sediment. Clinical Pathology A subspecialty of pathology focusing on theoretical and technical aspects of the diagnosis and prevention of disease and patient care; using laboratory methods in clinical diagnosis. Proficiency Testing A system of testing unknown samples to assess the reliability of the laboratory's analysis. Quality Control A real-time system that uses standards to accurately control materials, and to constantly monitor the accuracy and precision of all tests run in the laboratory. Most labs use a statistical system to monitor when test results fall outside of acceptable limits (standard deviation). Venipuncture Collection of blood specimen from a vein for laboratory testing. 1.1 Welcome 1.2 Performing Urinalysis 1.3 Kidney Functions 1.4 Kidney Anatomy 1.5 Glomerulus Structure 1.6 Renal Tubule Structure 3.1 Knowledge Check 1.7 Collecting Urine Specimens 1.8 Types of UA Specimens 1.9 Specimen Collection Containers 1.10 Preserving Specimens 4.1 Knowledge Check 1.11 Course Review 1.12 Disclaimer 1.13 Assessment