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Continue Continue Continue Continue Continue Continue Continue Continue Continue Continue Continue Continue Continue Continue Continue Continue Continue Continue Continue Continue Continue Continue Continue Continue Continue Continue Continue Continue Continue Continue Continue MR Compressed Sensing Imaging Objective 1 Objective 1 Objective 1 Objective 1 Objective 2 Objective 2 Objective 2 Objective 2 Objective 2 Objective 3 Objective 3 Objective 3 Objective 3 Objective 3 Select each button to learn more. MR Compressed Sensing Imaging: 2D/3D/4D Imaging Welcome & Objectives option 1 Welcome to clinical image quality, criteria of a good mammogram online training. Select each button to the right to review the course objectives. Objective 1: Discover the regulation history of image quality, Objective 2: Describe what makes up the screening mammogram, Objective 3: Illustrate image quality criteria of the screening mammogram, Objective 4: Discuss meeting A-C-R criteria Objective 5: Navigate problem-solving mammograms and why they are needed. Objective three Identify sequences and applications for Compressed Sensing 3 3 3 3 Objective two Describe parameters that effect Compressed Sensing 2 2 2 2 Objective One Understand the theory of Compressed Sensing 1 1 1 1 Table with 2 columns and 4 rows Not all pages contain audio. Some pages invite you to read for yourself or watch a video. All pages show a ? button in the lower-right corner. Select the ? button to get a quick guide through the navigation elements. Select the button on the left upper corner to display or hide the menu. ? Navigation Hints Before you start, we would like to give you a few tips on how to navigate: Enjoy the course! Select the X to close the pop-up. Click Next to continue. ? Select the to magnify the image Navigation Hints Untitled Slide ? Golden Rules for Compressed Sensing Process Overview Image Compression Images can be compressed, depending on image content, without significantly losing quality. Compressed images need less storage. Basic Idea: “Measure compressed Images (e.g., JPG) directly” (less k-space data). Raw: 15MB JPEG: 150KB Current view the focus of this online training is to brush up on a little bit of science, to make sure that we can have informed, appropriate conversations with patients, and why this is so important. This is a different sign and symbol that you'll see sometimes posted. This is from the International Atomic Energy agency, and it encapsulates what has and is going on. If you take a look at this diagram, you know who we are, what we do as far as radiation. Here is the image that's given to our patients and the direction for what they should do, which is to get as far away from radiology staff and the facility as humanly possible. this is the message that a lot of patients have, not only from symbols like this, but think about how often your patients are going on the Internet the night before a procedure to find out what the risks are, seeing the dangers of medical radiation exposure. It is scary, and that is what patients are doing before going in for a procedure. ? Process Overview Incoherent Subsampling – Subsampling to increase speed > Noise-like aliasing artifacts Transform Sparsity – Image can be represented by only a few coefficients (e.g., pixels) > Compressibility of an image Iterative reconstruction – Optimization of Data Consistency & Sparsity > Balancing Incoherent Subsampling Sparsity Iterative Reconstruction Process overview ? Process Overview Incoherent Subsampling Transform Sparsity Iterative Reconstruction Select the tab arrows to learn more. The Process tech – ct If you have been doing CT for a couple of decades or more, just think about how much has changed, All surrounding dose, this is incredible technology. Automatic tube current modulation seems like old news now, but AEC for CT was life changing for CT technology, When used properly. There are still technologists out there who, unfortunately, do not really know for sure how the tube current modulation systems work. Some of this technology is very, very advanced and very complicated, and when implemented and used properly, can significantly decrease dose. Photon counting Just when we thought it couldn't get any better, Photon counting CT was introduced. I thought that once the leap was made to spiral, and then multi slice CT, we were done. Photon counting CT is going to again, Revolutionize the CT imaging modality. It has such huge potential. While it is in the early stages, the technology is going to do great things. It produces images with incredibly high resolution, that offer the opportunity to again, dramatically decrease dose. How low can it go? CT scanning is commonly below 1 millisievert effective dose. We get to the point where the X-ray dose for a CT scan is going to be near, or perhaps, lower than some Radiographic procedures. Photon counting detector CT is amazing technology. Radiography Think about how much standard Radiography has changed. It's not electron CR and DR, But again, if you started off in film, Think about how drastically radiography has changed. The vendors in our field have responded really magnificently with the need to decrease dose on the systems, and at the same time, examinations have become much safer. just a couple of things as far as what is being done in radiography. From 1959 to 2012, for an AP pelvis, there has been a 95% reduction in gonadal dose. That is an important statistic because it is one that is used quite often, to inform why it is not necessary to shield anymore. At the same time dose is coming down, utilization is going up. We did have a dip in CT utilization for a while, right after all those headlines came out, that were discussed in previous slides. Utilization There was a period of time, 2013, 14,15, where CT utilization across the country dipped a little bit. I’d be curious to know how that affected patient outcome. But people aren't having CT studies because they're bored on a Saturday night. They are having them because we're helping to save their lives and to improve outcomes. 3. Iterative Reconstruction Find the best solution (image) consistent with the subsampled measurement Finding a better solution for the image that is still consistent but has a higher sparsity (=removed noise = removed aliasing artifacts) Optimization of Data Consistency versus Sparsity Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. 2. Transform Sparsity Image can be represented accurately by only few coefficients (e.g., pixels) Image content is concentrated in few coefficients Most coefficients are close to zero and can be set without significant loss of image quality Some images are already sparse in image space (e.g., MR Angio most pixels = 0) However, sparsity is in general higher in another domain (“W space,” “y space”) Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. 1. Incoherent Subsampling Subsampling is used to increase speed Incoherent sampling to create noise-like aliasing artifacts Random sampling creates artifacts that are separable from the object Direct FFT results in image with noise-like artifacts FFT is one possible solution, but not the optimal one Searching for a better solution with an iterative reconstruction Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. full high res, no artifacts center only low res PAT discrete artifacts random noise-like artifacts Iterative Reconstruction Sparsity vs. Data Consistency Balancing Act: Improving Sparsity without Sacrificing Data Consistency. Low Sparsity Golden Rules for Compressed Sensing Iterative Reconstruction Sparsity vs. Data Consistency Optimization: Final Image Balancing Sparsity and Data Consistency Golden Rules for Compressed Sensing Iterative Reconstruction Sparsity vs. Data Consistency Optimization: Improving Sparsity (at the expense of data consistency) Appropriate Reconstruction parameters Overemphasis on total variation transform Transform Sparsity – Data Consistency Importance of an appropriate balance between data consistency and transform sparsity. Left Image – result with correct weighting. Right Image – result if sparsity is weighted too strongly. Note: Sparsity is higher, and noise is lower, but there is a strong compromise in data consistency (e.g.,blurry image & poor anatomical detail). ? Transform Sparsity ? Iterative Reconstrution - Complete Overview Iterative Reconstruction ? Balancing CS Time Resolution SNR Time/Speed/Temporal Resolution Significantly higher Heavily dependent on the amount of sparsity Resolution is similar, however there are some drawbacks to balance Loss of Contrast Blurring Blockiness/Venetian Ringing Smooth/Synthetic SNR is not necessarily lost due to denoising SNR is not necessarily a good metric in CS Hover over the markers to review. Balancing CS Compressed Sensing – Benefits Angio Imaging – CS 3D TOF CS – 3D Time-of-Flight 1.5T System 3T System ? Benefits - Angio Angio Imaging – CS 3D TOF Benefits – reducing time while maintaining IQ ? PAT vs CS Neuro Imaging – CS SPACE Benefits: Acquire Isotropic 3D Neuro exams with comparable times to a standard 2D Neuro sequences. Isotropic images can be reformatted into multiple planes. Can shorten overall scan time by reducing multiple 2D sequences of similar weighting. Thinner Slices compared to 2D sequences, to improve diagnostic Image Quality. ? Benefits - Neuro Neuro Imaging – CS SPACE DIR CS SPACE – Nice IQ and good scan time (Standard Siemens DIR SPACE sequence commonly took >6min to acquire) ? Benefits - Neuro ? Musculoskeletal Imaging SPACE SEMAC - Pseudo-3D Acquisition SEMAC - Time Conventional SEMAC vs CS SEMAC Select the tab arrows to learn more about CS Benefits with MSK Imaging. MSK tech – ct If you have been doing CT for a couple of decades or more, just think about how much has changed, All surrounding dose, this is incredible technology. Automatic tube current modulation seems like old news now, but AEC for CT was life changing for CT technology, When used properly. There are still technologists out there who, unfortunately, do not really know for sure how the tube current modulation systems work. Some of this technology is very, very advanced and very complicated, and when implemented and used properly, can significantly decrease dose. Photon counting Just when we thought it couldn't get any better, Photon counting CT was introduced. I thought that once the leap was made to spiral, and then multi slice CT, we were done. Photon counting CT is going to again, Revolutionize the CT imaging modality. It has such huge potential. While it is in the early stages, the technology is going to do great things. It produces images with incredibly high resolution, that offer the opportunity to again, dramatically decrease dose. How low can it go? CT scanning is commonly below 1 millisievert effective dose. We get to the point where the X-ray dose for a CT scan is going to be near, or perhaps, lower than some Radiographic procedures. Photon counting detector CT is amazing technology. Radiography Think about how much standard Radiography has changed. It's not electron CR and DR, But again, if you started off in film, Think about how drastically radiography has changed. The vendors in our field have responded really magnificently with the need to decrease dose on the systems, and at the same time, examinations have become much safer. just a couple of things as far as what is being done in radiography. From 1959 to 2012, for an AP pelvis, there has been a 95% reduction in gonadal dose. That is an important statistic because it is one that is used quite often, to inform why it is not necessary to shield anymore. At the same time dose is coming down, utilization is going up. We did have a dip in CT utilization for a while, right after all those headlines came out, that were discussed in previous slides. Utilization There was a period of time, 2013, 14,15, where CT utilization across the country dipped a little bit. I’d be curious to know how that affected patient outcome. But people aren't having CT studies because they're bored on a Saturday night. They are having them because we're helping to save their lives and to improve outcomes. Images courtesy: Dr. Jan Fritz, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore Hover to read disclaimer Disclaimer The MRI restrictions (if any) of any implant must be considered prior to patient undergoing MRI exam. MR imaging of patients with implants brings specific risks. However, certain implants are approved by the governing regulatory bodies to be MR conditionally safe. For such implants, the previously mentioned warning may not be applicable. Please contact the implant manufacturer for the specific conditional information. The conditions for MR safety are the responsibility of the implant manufacturer and user, not of Siemens Healthineers Conventional SEMAC vs CS SEMAC Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. Conventional 3:00 SEMAC 9:45 CS SEMAC 4:10, SEMAC = 15 Hover to read disclaimer Disclaimer The MRI restrictions (if any) of any implant must be considered prior to patient undergoing MRI exam. MR imaging of patients with implants brings specific risks. However, certain implants are approved by the governing regulatory bodies to be MR conditionally safe. For such implants, the previously mentioned warning may not be applicable. Please contact the implant manufacturer for the specific conditional information. The conditions for MR safety are the responsibility of the implant manufacturer and user, not of Siemens Healthineers Benefits: TIME! CS SEMAC Reconstruction CS SEMAC Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. CS SEMAC Compressed Sensing – SEMAC [Pseudo-3D Acquisition] Heavy slice distortion due to metal Thin 2D slice excitation Large 3D phase encoded slab Intrinsically sparse! Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. Hover to read disclaimer Disclaimer The MRI restrictions (if any) of any implant must be considered prior to patient undergoing MRI exam. MR imaging of patients with implants brings specific risks. However, certain implants are approved by the governing regulatory bodies to be MR conditionally safe. For such implants, the previously mentioned warning may not be applicable. Please contact the implant manufacturer for the specific conditional information. The conditions for MR safety are the responsibility of the implant manufacturer and user, not of Siemens Healthineers Benefits: Acquire Isotropic 3D MSK exams with comparable times to a standard 2D MSK sequence. Isotropic images can be reformatted into multiple planes. Can shorten overall scan time by reducing multiple 2D sequences of similar weighting Thin Slices compared to 2D sequences, to improve diagnostic IQ MSK Imaging – CS SPACE Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. ? Compressed Sensing Benefits – Body Imaging Select the tab arrows to learn more about Body Imaging with CS SPACE. First, MRCP Imaging with SPACE. Body Imaging – MRCP - Benefits T2 SPACE vs T2 CS SPACE T2 HASTE vs T2 CS SPACE CS Body Imaging Base Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. T2 HASTE bh (prod) T2 SPACE cs24 bh T2 HASTE vs T2 CS SPACE Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. T2 SPACE vs T2 CS SPACE T2 SPACE trig (prod) - 7:00 T2 SPACE cs20 trig 1:43 Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. CS acc 20 PE direction H-F TA 2:02 GRAPPA p3 Triggered PE direction R-L TA 8:52 CS SPACE MRCP Benefits Benefits: Shorter Scan Time (but why?): Shorter examinations. Shorter Breathing Cycles = Less Chance for Triggering Variances. Reduce artifacts from other moving structures. Potential for BH SPACE examinations. ? Compressed Sensing Body Imaging Next, CS SPACE Breast and additional body CS GRASP VIBE. Select the tab arrows to learn more about Compressed Sensing GRASP VIBE. CS SPACE Breast GRASP VIBE Free-breathing body imaging GRASP VIBE Benefits Continuous Radial Scan Breast, Body GRASP VIBE time Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. Continuous Radial Scan – need to do video Continuous Radial Scan Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. GRASP VIBE Benefits Benefits: Free-breathing acquisition. No timing and synchronization issues. Automatic intrinsic bolus detection. Phases with variable temporal resolution. Universitätsspital Basel, Basel, Switzerland GRASP VIBE – Free breathing dynamics Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. Body Imaging – GRASP VIBE University Hospital IKRN, Mannheim, Germany / NYU, Lagone Medical Center, USA Utilizes CS to provide high spatial and temporal resolution images with reduced motion sensitivity Compressed Sensing GRASP VIBE Free-breathing dynamics GRASP VIBE: Golden angle RAdial Sparse Parallel Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. CS SPACE Breast Time savings of CS can be utilized to invest in resolution for isotropic 3D SPACE which will improve quality of multi-planar reformats (MPR). Hover over the information buttons for more information. T2_spc_tra__cs_7.0_iso TR1000 ms/TE 177ms 0.8 x 0.8 x 0.8 mm 192 slices TA 03.52 T2_spc_tra_p3 TR1000 ms/TE 174ms 0.8 x 0.8 x 1.5 mm 104 slices TA 04:03 Compressed Sensing – Cardiac Imaging Benefits - Cardiac Benefits - Cardiac Benefits - Cardiac Benefits - Cardiac True FISP CINE True FISP CINE True FISP CINE CS Cardiac CINE CS Cardiac CINE CS Cardiac CINE CS Cardiac CINE Benefits - Cardiac Tab Slide Please click on one of the tabs to display the corresponding content on this page. Conventional Cardiac CINE 1.3x1.3x5.0 mm CS with Retrospective Gating CS as Realtime Free-breathing Compressed Sensing Cardiac CINE free-breathing 1.3x1.3x5.0 mm Conventional Cardiac CINE, 10 Slices 10 breathholds, 1.3x1.3x5.0 mm Compressed Sensing Cardiac CINE, 10 Slices, free-breathing, 1.3x1.3x5.0 mm Improved acquisition speed can be utilized in different ways. Shorter Breath-hold times Higher Temporal resolution Improved IQ for arrhythmic patients Improved free-breathing acquisitions compared to standard Realtime imaging Benefits: Standard Realtime - Free-breathing Compressed Sensing Realtime - Free-breathing ? Compressed Sensing – Cardiac CINE: Tips Select each number to view the different tips! 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 CS_TIPS Compressed Sensing – Cardiac CINE: Tips Zebra Artifact: Rotate FOV (In-Plane) Blurry Artifact: change PE (A-P) 8-Shot Protocol (~8sec/slice TA) 2-Shot Protocol (~2sec/slice TA) Compressed Sensing – Cardiac CINE: Tips Calculated Phases vs. Actual Phases Calculated Phases allows you to generate the same number of phases consistently between exams. A lower TR allows for a greater number of Actual Phases that can be acquired. [Actual Phases = RR/TR] If selected Calculated Phases is lower than Actual Phases, then 2 sets of images will be produced. When selecting Calculated Phases, it’s recommended to not exceed actual by more than ~30%. 8-shot vs 2-shot: The Siemens Tree is stored with an 8-shot protocol and a 2-shot protocol 8-shot protocols require more heart beats per slice, but are stored with 100 calculated phases to take advantage of the shorter TR (Better Temporal Resolution) 2-Shot protocols require less heart beats per slice and are stored with 25 calculated phases which reduces scan time. Shots per Slice: The number of shots can be edited in the Sequence>Part 1 parameter card. Increasing the number of shots decreases TR but increases acquisition time (longer breath- hold). Use Shots per Slice parameter to help balance scan time and temporal resolution. Compressed Sensing – Cardiac CINE: Tips Multi-shot protocols are stored with retrospective gating and without Arrhythmia Detection. If required, either Arrhythmia Detection or ECG/Trigger (prospective triggering) can be selected. CS with Retrospective Gating ? Compressed Sensing – GRASP-VIBE Tips Select the tab arrows to learn more about GRASP-VIBE Tips. Dot Add-in for GRASP Reconstruction Modes Artifacts Compressed Sensing GRASP VIBE BASE GRASP-VIBE Artifacts: Position of Arms up or close reduce artifacts. Gated versus Non-Gated – Non-Gated produces less artifacts. Saturation Bands – place over Arms to reduce artifacts. Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. Artifacts One series with all reconstructed volumes (i.e., all time points of the specified temporal resolution) is generated. User can specify with a parameter (reconstructed volumes) how many volumes will be labeled starting from the beginning of the respective phase. Complete, Reduced, & Complete and Reduced This is needed for viewing and postprocessing Labeled volumes will be sent to PACS If Auto Bolus Detection fails: Volumes with the highest temporal resolution will be reconstructed Labeling will be according to the defined duration of phases Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. Reconstruction Modes Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. Duration of phases Temporal resolution of phases Reconstructed volumes (time points) Reconstruction mode Auto Bolus Detection Preview images Phases Compressed Sensing – GRASP-VIBE Tips Dot Add-in for GRASP Note: If Bolus is not detected, whole series will be reconstructed with the highest user defined temporal resolution, e.g., here: ~8.2s Delay after bolus detection ? Compressed Sensing – 3D SPACE & 3D TOF Tips Select the tab arrows to learn more about 3D SPACE and 3D TOF Tips. Denoising Mode 3D, Dark Fluid TIRM Denoising Strength T2 SPACE MRCP Automatic Mode 3D SPACE & 3D ToF Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. Automatic Mode Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. T2 SPACE MRCP T2 HASTE bh (prod) T2 SPACE cs23 bh Single shot HASTE versus Multi-Shot SPACE MSK ↑ Denoising Strength ↓ Noise ↓ Image Sharpness In general, use the lowest required denoising that balances noise and image sharpness. 2D_TSE SPACE Denoising: 1 SPACE Denoising: 6 SPACE Denoising: 3 Increase in Denoising can reduce the overall sharpness of the image Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. Denoising Strength Increase in denoising can reduce noise, but also the overall sharpness of the image. Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. Reconstruction Modes Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. Denoising Mode ? Compressed Sensing - Acceleration – Total Factor Select the numbered buttons below to learn more about Acceleration Tips. 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 Acceleration Tips 7. Phase Oversampling or Slice Oversampling? Increasing Phase Oversampling is more effective than increasing the Slice Direction Sampling. 6. Increase slice encoding sampling Reducing Under-sampling Artifacts caused by High Acceleration Factors. 5. Increase phase encoding Reducing Under-sampling Artifacts caused by High Acceleration Factors. Increasing the Total Acceleration Factor Increases the Appearance of Motion-Like and Noise Artifacts. 4. Increasing the Total Acceleration Factor 3. Increasing the Total Acceleration Factor Increasing the Total Acceleration Factor Increases the Appearance of Motion-Like and Noise Artifacts. No Acceleration CS acc 5 2. CS SPACE - MSK Increasing the Total Acceleration Factor Increases the Appearance of Motion-Like and Noise Artifacts. CS: 8 CS: 20 1. Angio TOF CS Acceleration ↑ ↓ Image Sharpness & Resolved Anatomy ↓ Time Examples from the Siemens Tree seen here: Improved IQ & Time compared to standard TOF with PAT Options to setup scans for various situations (e.g., standard protocol vs. fast/stroke protocols) ? Compressed Sensing – Partial Fourier & TF Tips Select the tab arrows to learn more about Partial Fourier and TF Tips. Neuro MRCP Partial Fourier and TF Turbo Factor TF too high - MRCP TF too high - Neuro Partial Fourier & TF Shorten ETL/TF for sharper images and reduced noise. Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. Neuro – Turbo factor too high Shorten ETL/TF for sharper images and reduced noise. Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. MRCP signal loss in ducts Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. Turbo Factor Shorten ETL/TF for sharper images and reduced noise. Phase PF = 57% Phase PF = 100% Set protocol parameters (TF, TE) such that Phase PF is >80% (see tooltip @ TE) Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. Partial Fourier & TF Example of CS-MRCP – Phase PF for better reordering Phase PF = Allowed Phase PF = Off Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. MRCP Partial Fourier has varying effects in CS. In some cases, it can reduce IQ by resulting in artifacts (e.g., Brain). In other cases, it can improve the reordering scheme (e.g., MRCP). PF can be turned off, or the percentage can be optimized by adjusting TF. (Note – Hover over TE for PF Tooltip). Artifacts (Partial Fourier) Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. Partial Fourier with CS ? Compressed Sensing – Flip Angle and FA Modes Select the tab arrows to learn more about Flip Angle and FA Modes. High Flip Angle Flip Angle Mode Tissue T1 Tissue T2 Flip angles and FA modes Significant IQ change with a modified T2 time. Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. Tissue T2 Default T2: 100-150ms 50ms 350ms No major change in IQ with a modified T1 time. Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. Tissue - T1 Flip Angle Mode: Variable Flip Angle Mode: Constant The Flip Angle Mode can change fluid signal appearance as well as overall image sharpness. Better fluid signal without constant Smoother image impression with constant Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. Flip Angle Mode For Proton Density and T-two weighted imaging, use Constant. For Proton Density weighted imaging with Fat Saturation, use PD Variable. For T2 weighted imaging with Fat Saturation, use T2 Variable, and For T1 or T1 weighted with Fat Saturation, use T1Variable. Select the X in the upper right corner to continue. Flip Angle - Increase Flip angle, as high as possible. signal loss in ducts ? Reference Scans – Slice Thickness & Resolution Integrated is the optimal selection for improving tissue contrast. However, GRE/Separate can provide a sharper image impression. Reference Scans - GRE/Separate Reference Scans - GRE/Separate Slice Thickness Slice Thickness Slice Resolution Slice Resolution Tab 1 Tab 1 Reference Scans - Integrated Reference Scans - Integrated Reference: Integrated Reference: GRE/Separate Reference scans Add instructional statement “Select the tabs to learn more about/compare [XXX].” However, Thin Slices and Reduced Slice Resolution can be Beneficial in some cases such as with CS-MRCP SPACE imaging.As we see here an increase in Thickness/Slice Resolution results in stepping artifacts. In this case, smaller Slice Thickness/Slice Resolution is better. Slice Resolution Lower Slice Thickness with reduced Slice Resolution can result in Motion-like artifacts. An increase in slice thickness and slice resolution helps to reduce these artifacts. Slice Thickness Slice Thickness: 0.5mm Slice Thickness: 0.3mm Integrated should be used for 3D TOF to avoid Blind Artifacts. Integrated Reference Scan GRE/Separate Reference Scan Reference Scans - GRE/Separate Compressed Sensing – Elliptical Scanning Saves Time. However, can result in smoother appearance. Could be used to devote more time into other parameters to improve IQ (e.g., CS Acceleration Factor). ? Elliptical Scanning Compressed Sensing – Interpolation Improves overall appearance. Caution – Can sometimes results in black linear artifacts at periphery of FOV, but usually not an issue. ? Interpolation Compressed Sensing – Excitation Degraded appearance utilizing Slab Selective. Greater averaging is required with Slab Selective to reduce spoiling artifacts (more time). ? Excitation ? Reordering Adjusting the reordering so it utilizes Wedge can improve IQ (Sequence Tab > Part 1). Reordering depends on Partial Fourier and TE. Wedge is only available when not using PF, so user has to decide between using or not-using PF. Reordering Assessment Welcome to the assessment. For each question, select the button to the left of your answer, and then select Submit. You will have 3 attempts to take this assessment and to successfully pass this course, you must receive a score of 80% or higher. You will receive your score when you have completed the assessment. Note: If you close the learning activity at any time before you have finished the quiz, your answers will not be saved. Select Start to begin. Start Assessment Select the best answer. ? Incoherent Subsampling Iterative Reconstruction Question 1 of 8 Which of the following golden rules for compressed sensing results in noise-like aliasing artifacts? Transform Sparsity Alias Sensing Multiple Choice Which of the following golden rules for compressed sensing results in noise-like aliasing artifacts? Select the best answer. ? True False Question 2 of 8 The goal of Iterative Reconstruction is to find the best balance of data transformation that increases sparsity of an image while maintaining the highest data consistency. Multiple Choice The goal of Iterative Reconstruction is to find the best balance of data transformation that increases sparsity of an image while maintaining the highest data consistency. Select the best answer. ? Comparable isotrophic 3D acquisition times to 2D sequences All of the above Question 3 of 8 What is the benefit of using CS-SPACE? Reformattable to other planes Thinner slice thickness compared to 2D imaging Multiple Choice What is the benefit of using CS-SPACE? Select the best answer. ? The images are already intrinsically sparse due to voids from artifacts None of the above Question 4 of 8 Why is compressed sensing an ideal technique to apply to SEMAC? Compressed sensing can sense metal and avoid it Using compressed sensing helps make SEMAC sequence longer Multiple Choice Why is compressed sensing an ideal technique to apply to SEMAC? Select the best answer. ? Cardiac MSK Question 5 of 8 Siemens compressed sensing was first introduced for what imaging? Breast Neuro Multiple Choice Siemens compressed sensing was first introduced for what imaging? Select the best answer. ? Shots per slice b-value Question 6 of 8 What parameter will affect the temporal resolution of CS-Cardiac CINE to allow us to see more or less motility of the heart? Partial Fourier Slice Thickness Multiple Choice What parameter will affect the temporal resolution of CS-Cardiac CINE to allow us to see more or less motility of the heart? Select the best answer. ? Position the arms up over the head – OR close to the body Change bolus timing Question 7 of 8 Which of the following tips can help reduce streak-like artifacts in CS GRASP-VIBE? Use iPAT Use a saturation band over the liver Multiple Choice Which of the following tips can help reduce streak-like artifacts in CS GRASP-VIBE? Select the best answer. ? Integrated TOF Question 8 of 8 What type of reference scan should be used for CS-3D Time-of-Flight to reduce blind artifacts? GRE/Separate TSE Multiple Choice What type of reference scan should be used for CS-3D Time-of-Flight to reduce blind artifacts? Retry Assessment Results %Quiz1.ScorePercent%% %Quiz1.PassPercent%% Continue YOUR SCORE: PASSING SCORE: Results Slide You have exceeded your number of assessment attempts. Exit You did not pass the course. Select Retry to continue. Congratulations. You passed the course. Exit To access your Certificate of Completion, select the Certificates tab from the learning activity overview page. You can also access the certificate from your PEPconnect transcript. You have completed the MR Compressed Sensing assessment. Completion Question Bank 1 mr_compressed_sensing BERT_Radiation Doses from common examinations 1 MR Compressed Sensing Imaging 1.1 Welcome & Objectives option 1 1.2 Navigation Hints 1.3 Current view 1.4 Process overview 1.5 The Process 1.6 Low Sparsity 1.7 Transform Sparsity 1.8 Iterative Reconstruction 1.9 Balancing CS 1.10 Benefits - Angio 1.11 PAT vs CS 1.12 Benefits - Neuro 1.13 Benefits - Neuro 1.14 MSK 1.15 CS Body Imaging Base 1.16 Breast, Body GRASP VIBE 1.17 Benefits - Cardiac 1.18 CS_TIPS 1.19 Compressed Sensing GRASP VIBE BASE 1.20 3D SPACE & 3D ToF 1.21 Acceleration Tips 1.22 Partial Fourier & TF 1.23 Flip angles and FA modes 1.24 Reference scans 1.25 Elliptical Scanning 1.26 Interpolation 1.27 Excitation 1.28 Reordering 1.29 Assessment 1.39 Completion