Clinical Laboratory Basic Overview Online Training

Continue Button Continue Continue Continue Continue Course Content Master Template HILS2218 | Effective Date: 29-Jul-2021 ? Clinical Laboratory Basic Overview Online Training Clinical laboratories provide a vital service in patient healthcare. This course will provide you with details of the purpose, people and procedures that make up this busy and complex healthcare business. Laboratory Roles & Responsibilities Laboratory Specialties & Functions Laboratory Specimens Types of Clinical Labs & Laboratory Personnel 1 6 3 2 Laboratory Workflow Process 5 Regulatory Agencies & Requirements 4 Welcome Welcome to the Clinical Laboratory Basic Overview Online Training course. Today’s clinical laboratories provide a vital service in patient healthcare. Your involvement with the clinical lab will benefit from an understanding of the purpose, people and procedures that make up this busy and complex healthcare business. This course will cover the following six learning objectives. For navigation help, select the question mark button located in the lower right corner of each slide. ? Laboratory Roles & Responsibilities The responsibilities of the clinical lab include: Correct identification, collection, and processing of patient specimens Accurate performance of testing Timely reporting of results Communication with physicians and other healthcare professionals Laboratory Roles & Responsibilities The clinical lab provides diagnostic test data to aid in the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of disease. These data are used by physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and other healthcare professionals. ? Types of Clinical Labs There are several types of clinical labs. Some common ones are listed here. Select the tab arrows to learn more about each laboratory. Hospital Lab Point of Care Lab (POC) Reference Lab Physician Office Lab Types of Clinical Labs There are several types of clinical labs. Select the tab arrows to learn more about each laboratory. The following slide layers do not contain audio. Physician Office Lab Physician office labs are owned by one or more physicians and perform routine laboratory testing for their patients. Specialty tests are usually sent to a reference laboratory.     Reference Lab Reference laboratories are large, commercial laboratories with locations throughout the country. They perform both routine and specialized laboratory tests and often have small, satellite labs serving several communities that collect specimens to be sent to the main laboratory for testing.   Point of Care Lab (POC) POC labs (which may include some STAT Labs) are smaller testing sites located in areas separate from the central hospital lab such as the Operating Room, Respiratory Department, or Emergency Department. Typically, they are under the management and regulation of the main hospital lab and perform a limited range of tests to provide rapid diagnosis and treatment.   Hospital Lab The hospital lab provides testing services requested by the medical staff for both inpatients and outpatients.     ? Laboratory Personnel There are a variety of personnel who work in the clinical laboratory. In this section you will learn about their roles and responsibilities. Laboratory Personnel There are several positions of personnel in a clinical laboratory. The roles and responsibilities depend on the size of the laboratory and scope of services provided. Actual titles may differ slightly from lab to lab. In this section you will learn about their roles and responsibilities. ? Typical Laboratory Personnel The Laboratory Medical Director is a Physician (M.D. or D.O.) or a Ph.D. with specialty in a clinical science. Responsibilities include: Overseeing laboratory quality control and proficiency testing Providing laboratory consultations and test interpretations to medical clinicians Evaluating and providing clinical input regarding equipment purchases and new test methods Providing ongoing education for laboratory, nursing, and medical staff regarding laboratory medicine Participating in the preparation of the laboratory annual capital and operations budget Serving as primary representative and liaison of the laboratory to the medical staff Laboratory Managers Laboratory Managers Laboratory Supervisors Laboratory Supervisors Technologists and Technicians Technologists and Technicians Laboratory Medical Director Laboratory Medical Director Laboratory Medical Director Typical Laboratory Personnel Select the tabs to learn more about typical personnel working in a lab. Technologists (MT/CLS) and Technicians (MLT/CLT) typically possess an associate or bachelors degree in the sciences. Responsibilities include: Performing a full range of laboratory tests, using the latest biomedical technology Confirming the accuracy of test results Reporting abnormal findings to the pathologists Communicating test results to the treating physician Evaluating new tests and equipment Monitoring quality control and proficiency testing Training laboratory staff Troubleshooting technical problems Technologists and Technicians A Laboratory Supervisor is typically a Medical Technologist (MT) or a Clinical Laboratory Scientist (CLS) with a bachelor's degree in the sciences. Technical Supervisors are responsible for technical and scientific operation of the laboratory General Supervisors are responsible for oversight of the personnel that conduct and report the tests as well as daily laboratory operations Laboratory Supervisors A Laboratory Manager is typically a Medical Technologist (MT) or a Clinical Laboratory Scientist (CLS) with a bachelor's degree in the sciences. Responsibilities include: Overseeing all laboratory administrative functions Preparing the annual capital and operational budget Serving as a liaison between hospital administration, the Medical Director and laboratory staff Participating in and coordinating quality assurance activities Collecting data and providing laboratory statistics Laboratory Managers ? Laboratory Support Personnel A Phlebotomist, or Phlebotomy Technician (PT), works directly with the patient to draw their blood for laboratory tests using standard biohazard safety guidelines. They obtain blood specimens by both venipuncture and capillary collection techniques. Processing / Accessioning Technicians Processing / Accessioning Technicians Biomedical Engineers Biomedical Engineers LIS Analysts LIS Analysts Phlebotomists Phlebotomists Phlebotomists Laboratory Support Personnel Select the tabs to learn more about different support personnel in a lab. Laboratory Information Services (LIS) Analysts provide computing resources, training, and support for all divisions of the clinical laboratory. They are responsible for managing the computers, networks, and databases which are integral to preserving the electronic patient records. LIS Analysts The Biomedical Engineer typically has training or a degree in chemical or electrical engineering. Their job responsibilities include: Maintaining and troubleshooting medical monitoring, diagnostic, and therapeutic equipment and devices Evaluating the safety, efficiency, and effectiveness of laboratory equipment and data processing systems Biomedical Engineers The Specimen Processing/Accessioning Technician is responsible for: Picking up blood and other specimens from: Patient rooms Laboratory collection areas Emergency rooms Nursing homes Other areas as needed Receiving specimens and checking for proper and complete patient information and identification Preparing specimens for analysis by: Ensuring correct type and adequate volume Centrifuging Aliquoting Routing to appropriate laboratory section Processing / Accessioning Technicians ? Laboratory Specimens Most common Laboratory Specimen Types: Blood Urine Additional Laboratory Specimens: Body fluids Sputum Stool Tissue samples Culture swabs Important: Laboratory specimens are considered biohazardous. It is important to wear protective equipment when working in a clinical lab. Laboratory Specimens Many different types of specimens are processed and analyzed by the clinical lab. Although blood and urine are the most common samples, other specimens such as body fluids, sputum, stool, tissue samples and culture swabs are also routinely processed. In order to ensure specimen integrity and accurate test results, it is important to know how to collect and properly handle these samples. Important: Since laboratory specimens may contain disease producing organisms, they are considered biohazardous. It is important to wear protective equipment such as lab coat, gloves and eye protection when working in a clinical lab. ? Blood Select the tab arrows to learn more about the blood sample types and how they are collected. Venipuncture Capillary Sample Arterial Sample Serum Plasma Blood Audio text [clinicallab_blood_baselayer] Select the tab arrows to learn more about the blood sample types and how they are collected. Audio text [clinicallab_blood_venipuncture] Venipuncture is the most common technique used to obtain a blood sample. A needle is inserted into a peripheral vein, often in the arm, and blood is collected into evacuated collection tubes. Tubes come in a variety of sizes and have different colored tops to indicate the presence or absence of special chemicals called anticoagulants to prevent blood clotting. Audio text [clinicallab_blood_capillarysample] A capillary sample can be obtained when venipuncture is not feasible or when only a very small amount of sample is needed. Common places to obtain capillary samples are the fingertip, the heel, or the earlobe. Microtainers are small collection tubes used for capillary samples. Audio text [clinicallab_blood_arterialsample] A third place to obtain a blood specimen is from an artery. They are used for special testing such as blood gas analysis and are typically drawn from an artery in the wrist by a medical technologist, respiratory therapist, nurse, or doctor familiar with this technique. Audio text [clinicallab_blood_serum] Once blood is removed from the body the natural clotting mechanism is activated. If the collection tube does not contain an anticoagulant, fibrin and cells in the blood coagulate to form a blood clot. The liquid portion that remains after the clot is formed is called serum. The serum is separated from the clot for analysis purposes by placing it in a centrifuge that uses centrifugal force to push the clot down to the bottom of the tube. Some collection tubes contain a gel separator that helps separate the serum from the clot during centrifugation. This gel will "layer" itself between the clot and the serum during centrifugation to make it easier to pour off the serum sample for processing. Audio text [clinicallab_blood_plasma] Addition of an anticoagulant to the collection tube prevents the blood from clotting. In this case the cells remain free-floating in the liquid portion of the blood. Analysis can then be done using this whole blood sample. The anticoagulated sample can also be centrifuged to separate the cells so that analysis can be performed on the liquid portion that is now called plasma. Plasma An anticoagulant in the collection tube prevents the blood from clotting (1). The whole blood sample (2) can be used for analysis. The anticoagulated sample can be centrifuged to separate the cells (3) to perform analysis on the plasma (4). Serum Without anticoagulant, blood coagulates (1) to form a blood clot (2). The remaining liquid is called serum (3). The serum is separated from the clot for analysis by placing it in a centrifuge (4). Select the marker to learn more about blood collection tubes. Blood Collection Tubes Some collection tubes contain a gel separator that helps separate the serum from the clot during centrifugation. This gel will "layer" itself between the clot and the serum during centrifugation to make it easier to pour off the serum sample for processing. 4 Arterial Sample Arterial samples are: Used for special testing such as blood gas analysis Drawn from the radial artery at the wrist Collected by a medical technologist, respiratory therapist, nurse, or doctor Capillary Sample Capillary sample is obtained when a venipuncture is not feasible. Collected from the fingertip, heel or earlobe Collected into small collection containers called Microtainers® Venipuncture Venipuncture is often used to obtain a blood sample. A needle is inserted into a peripheral vein Blood is collected into evacuated collection tubes* *Tubes are of different sizes and colored tops indicate the presence or absence of additives with anticoagulant being an additive type. ? Urine Urine analysis provides important diagnostic information. Types of urine samples: Routine First morning Postprandial Clean-catch Midstream 24 hours Urine Urine is also a very common and easy to obtain sample that is analyzed in the clinical lab. Because urine is formed in the kidneys as they work to filter the blood, analysis of urine can provide important diagnostic information. Different types of urine samples can be requested by the physician and include routine, first morning, postprandial, clean-catch midstream, and 24 hours samples. ? Body Fluids Cerebral Spinal fluid or CSF is the liquid that surrounds the brain and spinal column. It is removed by puncture of the lumbar region of the back and is analyzed for chemical and cellular changes that occur in infections, hemorrhage, tumors, and degenerative brain disorders. Pleural fluid Pleural fluid Synovial fluid Synovial fluid Cerebral spinal fluid Cerebral spinal fluid Cerebral spinal fluid Body Fluids Body fluids can also be analyzed by the clinical laboratory. Select the tabs to learn more about different body fluid samples. Synovial fluid is fluid that surrounds the joints. It is collected by aspiration from the joint cavity and is analyzed to diagnose infection, arthritis, gout, inflammation and tumors in the joint. Synovial fluid Pleural fluid is fluid that surrounds the lungs. If the amount of fluid increases, it is removed by thoracentesis and analyzed to determine the cause. Both chemical and cellular analysis is performed. Pleural fluid ? Additional Laboratory Samples Stool studies are used to evaluate the function and integrity of the bowel. Stool samples are collected to analyze for the presence of blood or fat or to determine bacterial or parasitic infection. Sputum Sputum Culture swabs and tubes Culture swabs and tubes Bone marrow Bone marrow Stool Stool Stool Additional Laboratory Samples Select the tabs to learn more about other sample types found in the clinical laboratory. Bone marrow is the tissue that produces blood cells. It is most often removed for analysis by aspiration or biopsy from the sternum or pelvic bone (1) in order to diagnose the cause of cellular abnormalities seen in the blood. Bone marrow Culture swabs and tubes are used to collect samples for analysis in the microbiology lab. Common collection sites are the throat, wounds, and genital area. The lab isolates the infecting organism, identifies it, and tests its susceptibility to antibiotic treatment.   Culture swabs and tubes Sputum is matter composed of saliva, mucus and pus expectorated from the lungs and respiratory passages. It is produced by the lungs in response to irritation or infection and is typically analyzed by the microbiology lab for the presence of bacterial, viral or fungal infection. Sputum ? Laboratory Specialties & Functions Select the tab arrows to learn more about the different laboratory specialties. Routine Chemistry Special Chemistry Immunology Hematology Hemostasis Laboratory Specialties & Functions While the organization of a particular clinical laboratory is dependent on factors of size, number of tests performed, and the facilities available, large labs tend to be departmentalized. Typical departments may include Chemistry, Hematology, Molecular, Immunology, Blood Bank, Pathology and Microbiology. These departments may also have different sections that specialize in analysis of different sample types or use of specific test methods. Select the tab arrows to learn more about the different laboratory specialties. The following slide layers do not contain audio. Hemostasis This specialty, also called Coagulation, tests for the proper functioning of both blood clotting (1) and clot dissolution mechanisms by measuring specific factors and components present in plasma. Hematology Hematology uses whole blood analysis to count and characterize the cells in the blood and the blood cell producing tissue or bone marrow. Immunology Immunoassay analyzes chemical components present in very small quantities in the blood such as hormones, drugs, vitamins and cancer markers. Immunoassay measures components by use of the antigen (1) - antibody (2) binding reaction. Special Chemistry Special Chemistry performs non-routine specialized testing such as special protein analysis, toxicology, electrophoresis, chromatography, and immunoassay testing. Routine Chemistry Routine chemistry tests for common chemical components such as glucose, cholesterol, and electrolytes. Chemistry procedures may be performed on serum, plasma, urine, or other body fluids. ? Additional Laboratory Specialties Testing of urine is a part of routine diagnostic and screening procedures. Urinalysis provides analysis of the physical characteristics, chemical and cellular components, or other elements that may be present. Microbiology Microbiology Blood Bank Blood Bank Molecular Molecular Pathology Pathology Urinalysis Urinalysis Urinalysis Additional Laboratory Specialties Select the tabs to learn more about additional laboratory specialties. The pathology department prepares slides of body cells and examines them microscopically for abnormalities that may signal the beginning of cancerous growth. Pathology Molecular analysis focuses on analyzing DNA or RNA to detect, quantify and characterize pathological viruses present in the body or to determine cellular genetic changes that cause disease. Molecular The blood bank specialty, also called immunohematology, determines blood types, and prepares blood and blood components for transfusion. Blood Bank Microbiology cultures various kinds of specimens in order to isolate and identify an infecting organism. Microbiology also performs antibiotic susceptibility testing on the organism to help determine optimal treatment. Sub-specialties within the microbiology lab are virology, bacteriology, parasitology, and mycology. Microbiology ? Laboratory Workflow Process Select the numbered steps below to learn more about Laboratory Workflow Process. 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 Laboratory Workflow Process Now that we know the personnel that work in the lab, the various specimen types used for analysis, and the different laboratory specialties, let’s look at how a sample flows through the lab from order creation to final test result. Select the numbered steps below to learn more about the laboratory workflow process. The following slide layers do not contain audio. Report Results The patient results and normal ranges for the tested specimen are forwarded to the physician, who provides a diagnosis or course of treatment, or orders additional tests as appropriate. 6 Analyze Sample When ready to be analyzed, specimens are placed into the applicable analyzer and processed to obtain final results. When analysis is complete, test results are verified for accuracy and consistency and are transmitted to the laboratory computer if available. 5 Process Sample Received specimens are then processed. For blood specimens, this may include centrifugation to separate the serum or plasma from the clot or cellular components, or aliquoting of a single sample into several portions for analysis in different sections of the lab. 4 Deliver Sample to the Lab The sample and order form are then delivered to the clinical lab for testing. Upon arrival, specimens are received either through a Laboratory Information System (LIS) or laboratory host computer or are manually recorded. If improperly labeled or missing an order form, specimens are not accepted. 3 Collect Sample A technologist, phlebotomist, or medical staff member such as a nurse, collects the patient specimen. The samples are labeled with the patient’s name, date and time of collection, and other pertinent information to accurately link the sample with the patient. 2 Order Test The physician orders the test based upon a suspected or confirmed diagnosis. A laboratory requisition or order form is generated. 1 ? Regulatory Agencies Regulatory Agencies ensure laboratory accuracy and reliability by: Publishing and enforcing "best practice" rules and regulations Performing periodic inspections The following agencies have websites with available information: CAP: College of American Pathologists CLIA: Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act CLSI: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (formerly NCCLS: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards) CMS: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (formerly HCFA: Health Care Financing Administration) COLA: Commission of Laboratory Accreditation EPA: Environmental Protections Agency FDA: Food and Drug Administration JCAHO: Joint Commission on Hospital Accreditation Regulatory Agencies Regulatory agencies play a key role in ensuring that clinical laboratories provide the most accurate and reliable test results. They do this by publishing and enforcing best practice rules and regulations which encompass topics such as quality assurance, maintenance, and safety. Some agencies also perform periodic inspections to ensure compliance. Agencies in the United States are listed here. ? Regulatory Requirements To meet certifying and regulating agency criteria, and ensure that reported results are accurate, laboratory personnel will follow specific procedures. Initial procedures to introduce a new test method or analytical instrument Procedures to monitor performance on an ongoing basis In the following slides we will look at these two procedures in more detail. Regulatory Requirements To meet certifying and regulating agency criteria, and ensure that reported results are accurate and reliable, laboratory personnel will follow specific procedures. They need to first introduce a new test method or analytical instrument into the lab, and then will monitor its performance on an ongoing basis. In the following slides we will look at these two procedures in more detail. ? Initial Verification Procedures Select the tab arrows to learn more about each procedure used in the verification process. Calibration Correlation Reference Ranges Linearity Initial Verification Procedures When a new test method or analytical instrument is introduced into the lab, it must first undergo some initial verification procedures before patient results can be reported. Select the tab arrows to learn more about each procedure used in the verification process. The following slide layers do not contain audio. Linearity This procedure establishes the highest concentration limit that can be reliably reported for a particular test method. To perform linearity verification, several commercially produced samples with varying analyte concentrations are processed through the instrument. The expected results (1) versus observed results (2) are then graphed to determine the upper limit of reportability. 2 1 Reference Ranges Each test method has a reference, or normal range associated with it. Most normal, healthy people will fall within these result ranges. Normal ranges may vary based on sex and age of the patient. Abnormal results fall outside of these ranges and are used to help diagnose disease or prescribe and monitor treatment. The reference range verification procedure establishes the expected normal ranges for a test method by performing studies using the typical sample population of the lab. This graph shows normal hemoglobin ranges for male (1), female (2), and newborn (3). Correlation This procedure compares the test results obtained from a new analyzer to those of an established verified test method. Typically, 30 to 100 samples are tested using both the new and established method. Results from both methods are compared and plotted on a graph to view their correlation. Satisfactory correlation validates that the new analyzer results are reliable.   Calibration This procedure is used to adjust an analyzer to a specific standard so that patient test results are accurate. During calibration, one or more calibrator samples with known values are analyzed and instrument electronics or software is adjusted so that the expected values are obtained. This procedure also is performed later at regular intervals to ensure ongoing accuracy. ? Ongoing Monitoring Procedures Select the tab arrows to learn more about each procedure used in the monitoring process. Routine QC/QA Interlab QC Proficiency Testing Ongoing Monitoring Procedures Laboratory personnel also perform ongoing monitoring procedures to ensure that test results are accurate, precise, and reliable on a day-to-day basis. Select the tab arrows to learn more about each procedure used in the monitoring process. The following slide layers do not contain audio. Proficiency Testing In this program the regulating agency sends unknown or “blind” samples to the laboratory for analysis. The lab analyzes the samples and submits the results obtained to the agency for comparison to other participating laboratories and to the expected results. Labs then receive a pass or fail status from the regulating agency. Labs that fail are subject to serious consequences and may not be approved to report test results for a method until the problem is addressed. Interlab QC These programs, also called peer data programs, allow laboratories to compare their QC results with those of other laboratories using the same instrumentation. To participate in a program, the lab submits routine QC results to an agency that compiles the results of all participating labs and generates comparison graphs and statistics. Labs using the same instrumentation expect to produce similar test results. If variances occur, the lab investigates to determine the cause and then correct the problem. Routine QC/QA Labs typically use manufactured quality control samples that are processed at regular intervals and monitored to ensure day to day test result accuracy and precision. These QC results often are graphed, and statistical analysis is done to look for problems with precision and shifts or drifts in accuracy.   ? Course Review Congratulations. You have completed the Clinical Laboratory Basic Overview Online Training course. Select the numbered buttons below to review the material before proceeding to the final assessment. Additionally, common used terms are available in the Glossary tab of the Table of Contents. Laboratory Specimens Types of Clinical Labs & Laboratory Personnel Laboratory Roles & Responsibilities 1 1 1 3 3 3 2 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 5 5 5 Laboratory Specialties & Functions Regulatory Agencies & Requirements Laboratory Workflow Process Course Review Regulatory Agencies & Requirements Laboratory Regulatory Agencies publish and enforce ‘best practice’ rules and regulations and may perform periodic inspections to ensure lab compliance. Procedures used to meet regulatory requirements begin with verification of a test method or analyzer before it is put into use such as: Calibration Correlation Reference Range Verification Linearity Additional procedures monitor the ongoing performance of a test method or analyzer and include: Routine Quality Control Interlab QC programs Proficiency testing programs Laboratory Workflow Process Sequence steps in the laboratory workflow are: Physician orders the test Sample is collected Sample delivered to the lab Sample is processed Sample is analyzed Results are reported Laboratory Specialties & Functions While the organization of a particular clinical laboratory is dependent on factors of size, number of tests performed, and the facilities available, large labs tend to be departmentalized. Typical departments may include: Routine Chemistry Special Chemistry Immunology Hematology Hemostasis Additional Specialties: Urinalysis Blood Bank Molecular Pathology Microbiology Laboratory Specimens Blood sample types include: Venous samples Capillary samples Arterial samples Blood that is allowed to clot produces serum used in analysis procedures. Blood that is anticoagulated results in whole blood or plasma for analysis. Other important sample types are: Urine, Stool, Sputum, CSF, Pleural and Synovial fluids, Culture tubes and swabs, Bone Marrow Types of Clinical Labs & Laboratory Personnel Typical laboratories are: Hospital Lab Point of Care Lab Reference Lab Physician Office Lab Typical laboratory personnel and functions include: The Laboratory Medical Director Laboratory Managers Laboratory Supervisors Technologists and Technicians Laboratory support personnel include: Phlebotomists Processing/ Accessioning Technicians Biomedical Engineers LIS Analysts Laboratory Roles & Responsibilities The clinical lab provides diagnostic test data to aid in the detection, diagnosis and treatment of disease. It is responsible to correctly collect, identify and process specimens, accurately perform tests, report results in a timely manner, and communicate with other healthcare professionals. Disclaimer Please note that the learning material is for training purposes only. For the proper use of the software or hardware, please always use the Operator Manual or Instructions for Use (hereinafter collectively “Operator Manual”) issued by Siemens Healthineers. This material is to be used as training material only and shall by no means substitute the Operator Manual. Any material used in this training will not be updated on a regular basis and does not necessarily reflect the latest version of the software and hardware available at the time of the training. The Operator Manual shall be used as your main reference, in particular for relevant safety information like warnings and cautions. Please note: Some functions shown in this material are optional and might not be part of your system. Certain products, product related claims or functionalities (hereinafter collectively “Functionality”) may not (yet) be commercially available in your country. 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Assessment questions must be answered completely to receive full credit. Partial credit will not be given for assessment questions that require multiple answers. You may repeat the assessment as many times as needed. Assessment Select the best answer. ? Question 1 of 10 The role of the clinical laboratory is to:  Provide diagnostic test data to aid in the detection, diagnosis and treatment of disease Analyze water, air, and other environmental samples to help prevent disease Coordinate data from radiology, ultrasound, and MRI to diagnosis and treat disease Multiple Choice Incorrect The clinical laboratory works alongside these departments but is not responsible for coordinating the various test data. Incorrect The clinical laboratory analyzes patient samples. Correct Select the best answer. ? Question 2 of 10 Which type of laboratory would be located within the Hospital Emergency Room?  POC Lab Hospital Lab Reference Lab Physician Office Lab Multiple Choice Incorrect A Reference Laboratory is a large commercial laboratory that performs specialized and routine testing. It would not be located within the Emergency Room. Incorrect The Physician Office laboratory is typically located within the physician’s office and would not be in the Emergency Room. Incorrect The Hospital Laboratory is considered a separate department of the hospital and would not be located inside of the Emergency Room. Correct Select the best answer. ? Question 3 of 10 Which laboratory role is responsible for the analysis of daily patient and quality control samples and monitoring of results?  Medical Technologist Laboratory Medical Director Phlebotomist Biomedical Engineer Multiple Choice Incorrect A phlebotomist is not responsible for these tasks. Incorrect A biomedical engineer is not responsible for these tasks. Incorrect A laboratory medical director is not responsible for these tasks. Correct Select the best answer. ? Question 4 of 10 The most common types of specimens analyzed in the clinical laboratory are: Blood and urine Serum and clots Arterial and capillary plasma Tissue and body fluids Multiple Choice Incorrect Arterial and capillary plasma samples can be analyzed; but they are not the most common types of samples. Incorrect Tissue and body fluids are analyzed in the clinical laboratory; but they are not the most common sample types. Incorrect Serum is often obtained for blood analysis, but blood clots are typically not analyzed. Correct Select the best answer. ? Question 5 of 10 Which laboratory could be most helpful in determining if a patient’s sore throat is due to a strep infection? Microbiology Routine Chemistry Urinalysis Hemostasis Multiple Choice Incorrect Urinalysis provides analysis of the physical characteristics, chemical and cellular components, or other elements present in urine and would not be helpful in determining the presence of a strep infection. Incorrect Hemostasis checks for proper functioning of blood clotting and dissolution mechanisms and would not be helpful in determining the presence of a strep infection. Incorrect Routine chemistry performs analysis of common chemical components in blood, urine and other body fluids and would not typically be helpful in diagnosing a strep infection. Correct Processing of the sample Analysis of the sample Reporting of results Once a test is ordered, the sample is collected and delivered to the lab. What is the correct order of the next steps performed in the laboratory workflow process? Drag each response to place the list in the correct order. ? Question 6 of 10 Sequence Incorrect One or more answers are incorrect. Correct Select the best answer. ? Question 7 of 10 Before reporting patient results, the lab must perform several instrument verification procedures. These procedures will likely include:  Calibration, correlation, reference ranges verification and linearity verification Routine QA/QC, interlab QC and proficiency testing Efficiency testing, usability testing and cost effectiveness studies Multiple Choice Incorrect These studies are not required to meet regulatory requirements and would not be performed routinely before reporting patient results. Incorrect These procedures are performed after the instrument has been verified and are used to monitor ongoing performance. Correct Select the best answer. ? Question 8 of 10 To monitor instrument performance and meet regulatory requirements the following procedures would be routinely used:  Routine QA/QC, interlab QC and proficiency testing Calibration, correlation, reference ranges verification and linearity verification Efficiency testing, usability testing and cost effectiveness studies Multiple Choice Incorrect These studies are not required to meet regulatory requirements and would not be performed to check ongoing accuracy, precision and reliability. Incorrect These studies are typically done initially during instrument verification. Correct Select the best answer. ? Question 9 of 10 Which laboratory would be most involved if the physician requested a blood transfusion? Blood Bank Special Chemistry Hematology Pathology Multiple Choice Incorrect Hematology counts and characterizes the cells in the blood. It would be involved initially to determine the amount of blood loss but would not be the main laboratory involved if a transfusion was requested. Incorrect Pathology Prepares slides of body cells and examines them microscopically for abnormalities that may signal the beginning of cancerous growth. It would not be involved if a blood transfusion was requested. Incorrect Special chemistry performs non-routine specialized testing of blood, urine and other body fluids and would not be involved if a blood transfusion was requested. Correct Select the best answer. ? Question 10 of 10 Another common and easy to obtain sample type in the clinical laboratory is:  Urine CSF Synovial fluid Bone marrow Multiple Choice Incorrect Synovial fluid is not a common and easy to obtain sample type. Incorrect Bone marrow is not a common and easy to obtain sample type. Incorrect CSF is not a common and easy to obtain sample type. Correct Assessment Results YOUR SCORE: PASSING SCORE: Review Retry Retry Continue Continue Continue %Results.ScorePercent%% %Results.PassPercent%% ? Assessment Results You did not pass the course. Take time to review the assessment then select Retry to continue. Congratulations. You passed the course.. Exit To access your Certificate of Completion, select the Launch button drop down on the course overview page. You can also access the certificate from your PEPconnect transcript. ? You have completed the Clinical Laboratory Basic Overview Online Training. Completion Navigation Help Select the icon above to open the table of contents. Click Next to continue. Next Welcome Slide The timeline displays the slide progression. Slide the orange bar backwards to rewind the timeline. Click Next to continue. Next Tmeline Select the CC icon to display closed captioning (subtitles). Click Next to continue. Next Caption Icon Select the buttons to learn more about a topic. Be sure to review all topics before navigating to the next slide. Click Next to continue. Next Tab Arrow Slide Select the X to close the pop-up. Click Next to continue. Next Layer Slide Some images may have a magnifier icon. Select the image to see an enlarged view. Select it again to return to the normal view. Click Next to continue. Next Zoom Slide Some images have a magnifier icon in the bottom-left corner. Select these image to see an enlarged view of the image. Select the image again to return to the normal view. Select Submit to record your response. Click the X in the upper right corner to exit the navigation help. Assessment Slide Knowledge Check: Laboratory Personnel Knowledge Check You have just learned about personnel in a clinical laboratory. Select Start to test your knowledge of the presented content. Start ? Knowledge Check Hospital Laboratory Provides the majority of testing services for inpatients and outpatients Point of Care Laboratory Locates in an area separate from the central lab Reference Laboratory Performs both routine and specialized laboratory tests in centralized locations throughout the country Physician Office Laboratory Performs routine testing for patients of one or more physicians Drag each response from the right column to its corresponding item in the left column. Match each of the laboratories listed below with its corresponding description. ? Question 1 of 2 Matching Incorrect One or more answers are incorrect. Correct Technical Supervisor Oversees the technical and scientific operation of the lab Medical Technologist/Technician Performs a full range of laboratory testing using the latest biomedical technology Phlebotomist Draws patient blood for laboratory testing Laboratory Information Services Analyst (LIS) Manages computers, networks, and databases Drag each response from the right column to its corresponding item in the left column. Match each of the laboratory personnel listed below with its corresponding description. ? Question 2 of 2 Matching Incorrect One or more answers are incorrect. Correct Knowledge Check Completion Review Retry Retry Continue Continue ? You have just completed the Knowledge Check. Select Review to assess how your responses compare to the correct answers. Select Retry to test your knowledge again or select Continue to advance through the course. Knowledge Check Completion Knowledge Check: Laboratory Specimens Knowledge Check You have just learned about different laboratory specimens. Select Start to test your knowledge of the presented content. Start ? Knowledge Check Select the best answer to complete the statement. ? Question 1 of 3 Most blood samples analyzed in the clinical laboratory are obtained from the ________. Peripheral vein Peripheral vein Capillaries in the finger Ear lobe Artery in the arm Fill in Blank Incorrect Most blood samples analyzed in the clinical laboratory are not obtained from an artery in the arm. Incorrect Most blood samples analyzed in the clinical laboratory are not obtained from an ear lobe. Incorrect Most blood samples analyzed in the clinical laboratory are not obtained from capillaries in the finger. Correct Select the best answer. ? Question 2 of 3 Plasma is obtained by _______. Adding an anticoagulant to the collection tube Warming the tube during collection Using a tourniquet Collecting the blood sample from an artery Fill in Blank Incorrect Plasma is not obtained by using a tourniquet. Incorrect Plasma is not obtained by collecting the blood sample from an artery. Incorrect Plasma is not obtained by warming the tube during collection. Correct Select the best answer. ? Question 3 of 3 The liquid portion of clotted blood is called: Serum Plasma CSF Synovial fluid Multiple Choice Incorrect The liquid portion of clotted blood is not called synovial fluid. Incorrect The liquid portion of clotted blood is not called CSF. Incorrect The liquid portion of clotted blood is not called plasma. Correct Knowledge Check Completion Review Retry Retry Continue Continue ? You have just completed the Knowledge Check. Select Review to assess how your responses compare to the correct answers. Select Retry to test your knowledge again or select Continue to advance through the course. Knowledge Check Completion Knowledge Check: Laboratory Specialties Knowledge Check You have just learned about laboratory specialties and their functions. Select Start to test your knowledge of the presented content. Start ? Knowledge Check Routine Chemistry Tests for common chemical components Immunoassay Analyzes chemical components using the antigen-antibody reaction Blood Bank Determines blood types and prepares blood for transfusion Urinalysis Analyzes the characteristics and components in urine Drag each response from the right column to its corresponding item in the left column. Match each laboratory specialty listed below to its corresponding function. ? Question 1 of 2 Matching Incorrect One or more answers are incorrect. Correct Special Chemistry Performs non-routine specialized testing Hematology Counts and characterizes blood cells and blood cell producing tissue Hemostasis Tests for proper blood clotting and clot dissolution Molecular Analyzes DNA or RNA in infecting organisms or body cells Drag each response from the right column to its corresponding item in the left column. Match each laboratory specialty listed below to its corresponding function. ? Question 2 of 2 Matching Incorrect One or more answers are incorrect. Correct Knowledge Check Completion Review Retry Retry Continue Continue ? You have just completed the Knowledge Check. Select Review to assess how your responses compare to the correct answers. Select Retry to test your knowledge again or select Continue to advance through the course. Knowledge Check Completion Question Bank 1 HILS2275 | Effective Date: 29-APR-2022 Aliquot A measured amount of solution (n). To divide a solution into measured amounts (v). Anatomic Pathology A medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the gross, microscopic, and molecular examination of organs, tissues, and whole bodies (autopsy). Capillary One of the minute blood vessels between the terminations of the arteries and the beginnings of the veins. These blood vessels form an intricate network throughout the body for the interchange of various substances, such as blood gases, nutrients, waste products and water between blood and tissue cells. Centrifuge An apparatus that rotates at high speed and by centrifugal force separates substances of different densities such as serum and cell, or urine and sediment. Clinical Pathology A subspecialty of pathology focusing on theoretical and technical aspects of the diagnosis and prevention of disease and patient care; using laboratory methods in clinical diagnosis. Proficiency Testing A system of testing unknown samples to assess the reliability of the laboratory's analysis. Quality Control A real-time system that uses standards to accurately control materials, and to constantly monitor the accuracy and precision of all tests run in the laboratory. Most labs use a statistical system to monitor when test results fall outside of acceptable limits (standard deviation). Venipuncture Collection of blood specimen from a vein for laboratory testing. 1.1 Welcome 1.2 Laboratory Roles & Responsibilities 1.3 Types of Clinical Labs 1.4 Laboratory Personnel 1.5 Typical Laboratory Personnel 1.6 Laboratory Support Personnel 3 Knowledge Check: Laboratory Personnel 1.7 Laboratory Specimens 1.8 Blood 1.9 Urine 1.10 Body Fluids 1.11 Additional Laboratory Samples 4 Knowledge Check: Laboratory Specimens 1.12 Laboratory Specialties & Functions 1.13 Additional Laboratory Specialties 5 Knowledge Check: Laboratory Specialties 1.14 Laboratory Workflow Process 1.15 Regulatory Agencies 1.16 Regulatory Requirements 1.17 Initial Verification Procedures 1.18 Ongoing Monitoring Procedures 1.19 Course Review 1.20 Disclaimer 1.21 Assessment